black sea red data book - Department of Biology

warm years some birds spend winter in the coastal areas of the northern sub-regions.
Both vegetative (plants, seeds) and animal (insects, molluscs) food is consumed.
Population trends. Numbers are low, but stable. Insufficient extension of the
breeding range owing to a decrease of nesting opportunities in recreational and
industrial zones.
Threats. Reduction of the breeding range due to recreational and economic activities,
disturbance and killing by people, predation by crows, raccoons, foxes, and domestic
dogs.
Conservation measures taken. No conservation exists. Most birds breed outside the
protected areas.
Conservation measures proposed. Expansion of the protected areas where it breeds,
toughening of measures prohibiting hunting and extraction of eggs, chicks and adults.
Reduction of predation pressure.
References
Andryushchenko Y., V. Kinda & I. Stadnichenko, 1996. The neccesity of the creation
of national parks in the northern part of the Kerch peninsula to protect a unique
ornithocomplex. Proc. of Important Bird Areas in Ukraine Conference, IBA
Programme. Ukrainian Society for Bird Conservation. Kiev: 163-173 pp. (in
Russian).
Chervona Knyga Ukrayiny, 1994. (Red Data Book of Ukraine). Kijiv, Ukrajinska
Encyclopediya Publ.: 314 pp. (in Ukrainian).
Lysenko, V.I., 1991. Fauna of Ukraine, Anseriformes. Kiev, Naukova Dumka: 5 (3).
(in Russian).
Compiled by Y. Andryushchenko.
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