La pedra en sec. Materials, eines i tècniques tradicionals a les illes ...

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*** * * * ** * ** 6 6.4 DRYSTONE MASONRY STRUCTURES Surface water in Majorca only flows through intermittent watercourses due to the seasonal irregularity of rainfall, the small size of the island's drainage basins, and the highly permeable nature of its rock. Watercourses on the island, called torrents, only have water flowing through them during periods of heavy rainfall. On occasions these torrents can have extremely high temporary rushes of water which cause very destructive flooding The rainfall responsible for these extreme conditions often totals more than 100 mm in a day or occasionally 400 mm in a day. This phenomenon is especially frequent in the mountainous areas. Given these conditions, it was necessary to build drystone masonry structures basically designed to prevent soil erosion by water runoff and to regulate drainage in order to make farming possible. The most common practice was to channel the torrents between drystone walls following their natural course and simply placing retaining walls on both sides of the main riverbed to stop the flooding of the farmland. In other cases, the natural course of the torrent was made more geometric so as not to impinge on the shape of a farm and to enable the bed of the watercourse to be farmed. Occasionally some stretches of the torrent were covered with new soil to obtain larger fields. In the most extreme cases an artificial channel (raWa) was built to divert the water to the fields. This diversion could be towards one side of the valley bottom, towards the exterior part of the farmland, towards karst absorption features (avencs or potholes), or towards another basin going over a relief feature. A large part of waterrelated structures are to be found in terraced fields and give rise to constructive singularities produced by the presence of the terrace walls. If the channels run at right angles to the walls and are built into their structure, the bed has a stepped profile with a series of small waterfalls. Small bridges were built across these channels, walls arranged as if they were funnels to collect and direct the water to the channel, stretches of channels were put underground in mines (underground passages), etc. It is common practice on the island to invade the natural course of a river' in this way the river beds and valle~ bottoms can be completely given over to farmland. The method used is to interdict the streambed with a series of walls standing at right angles to the course of the river (parats), which support flat cultivated areas. These walls usually enjoy certain features to increase their resistance to water pressure: curved sections, a highly reinforced bra6 (double wall) raised above the level of the field, and facings made with large stones and quite open joints. Other water structures include the albellons, drainage systems in the shape of underground galleries, which collect infiltration water and remove it from the field or to watercourses. The land on the Majorcan Pia (Plain) and a large part of the island's terraced fields are systematically drained using this system.
6 4 ELEMENTS • DE DRENATGE ELEMENTS DE CONSTHUCCIO DE PEDHA EN SEC La circulaci6 superficial d'aigues a Mallorca queda redu'lda a cursos no permanents, a causa de la irregularitat interestacional de les precipitacions, la redu'ida dimensi6 de les conques i la gran permeabilitat dels terrenys. Eis cursos d'aigua illencs, anomenats torrents, es caracteritzen per funcionar unicament durant els episodis de precipitacions intenses. Eventualment els torrents poden aportar cabals instantanis molt exagerats i provocar inundacions amb efectes destructius importants. Les precipitacions responsables d'aquests episodis extrems sovint assoleixen valors de mes de 100 mm en un dia, i ocasionalment arriben als 400 mm en una jornada, i s6n especialment frequents ales arees muntanyoses. Amb aquestes condicions, per a I'aprofitament agrari va ser necessaria la creaci6 d'elements hidraulics de pedra en sec dissenyats basicament per Iluitar contra l'erosi6 hidrica i regular I'escorrentia. L'actuaci6 mes habitual va ser canalitzar els cursos torrencials entre murs de pedra en sec respectant el tra
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... ~Consell de ~ Mallorca • Depa
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Chapter 1 - The dry-stone in the me
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• 5.12 Cobbling 141 • 5. 13 Roo
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8 This volume, one of the publicati
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*** *: 1 THE DRY -STONE IN THE MEDI
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*** * • * 1 THE DRY -STONE IN THE
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*** I : 1 THE DRY -STONE IN THE MED
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*** * ** 1 THE DRY -STONE IN THE ME
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*** * * * 2 * * THE MARGER *** THE
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*** * * : 2 THE MARGER *** out. The
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*** * * : 2 THE MARGER *** and 20th
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* *** * * ** ** * 3 THE RAW MATERIA
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not available or it was not wanted
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*** * * : * * *: 3 3.1 THE RAW MATE
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*** * * * * *: 3 3.2 THE RAW MATERI
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*** * ' * * *** 3 3.3 THE RAW MATER
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*** * * **: 3 3.4 THE RAW MATERIAL
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*** I * * 1 * 3 3.5 THE RAW MATERIA
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Scientific name Gypsum Description
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**. • .* * *** 3 3.7 THE RAW MATE
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*** * * ** *: 3 3.8 THE RAW MATERIA
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*** * * * *: 3 3.9 THE RAW MATERIAL
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HONEY COMBLED STONE Scientific name
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STONE SLAB Scientific name Stone sl
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*** * **: 3 3.12 THE RAW MATERIAL C
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**. ** 4 * * ** THE TOOLS Margers u
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*** * * 4 THE TOOLS *** and locate
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*** . * ,j : 4 4 1 THE TOOLS . ***
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*** * .* * *: 4 4.2 THE TOOLS i(M~i
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*** * : 4 4 3 THE TOOLS . *** . Des
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*** * * * *: 4 4.4 THE TOOLS Descri
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*** 11< * * *.* 4 4.5 THE TOOLS Des
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*** * * *: 4 4.6 THE TOOLS * Descri
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Description A tool consisting of a
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*** * ** *: 4 4.8 THE TOOLS Descrip
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Description An iron bar with a bent
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**. * * *-* * * *** 4 4.10 THE TOOL
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*** . * * \ * * *: 4 4.11 THE TOOLS
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*** * * :* * * ** 4 4.12 THE TOOLS
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* * * * * * * ** 4 4.13 THE TOOLS D
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*** * * **: 4 4.14 THE TOOLS GjftT
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Description A recipient wider in th
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*** * .* * *: 4 4.16 THE TOOLS Desc
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*** * .* * *** 4 4.17 THE TOOLS Des
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*** * ** 4 4.18 THE TOOLS I *** , D
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* * * * * * *.* 4 4.19 THE TOOLS De
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*** 11< * * *: 4 4.20 THE TOOLS Des
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*** .,. •* * *** 4 4.21 THE TOOLS
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*** * ** 4 4.21 THE TOOLS *** I C=-
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xelat en els murs de sustentacio de
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Descripci6 L'espedregament 0 retira
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*** .• * * *: 5 5.2 THE WORK 114
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*** * I : 5 5 3 THE WORK : * * * .
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DIGGING FOUNDATION TRENCHES Definit
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*** * * **: 5 5.5 THE WORK Definiti
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Definition To lay securely the firs
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*** * * * *: 5 5.7 THE WORK Definit
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*** * ** * ** 5 5.7 THE WORK mer an
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*** * * * *: 5 5.7 THE WORK height
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130 slope is created by stepping th
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I **. I • ' * / 5 5.8 mE WORK I *
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**. * ! * 5 5.9 THE WORK I *** ;I B
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*** .• :* * *: 5 5.10 THE WORK De
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**. * * * *: 5 5.11 THE WORK Defini
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*** * * : 5 5.11 THE WORK *** tfJfj
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*** * * **: 5 5.12 THE WORK 142 cen
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*** * * * *: 5 5.13 THE WORK ' 144
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ROOFING WITH A FRAME AND STONE SLAB
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*** * ***** 5 5.14 THE WORK sera tr
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*** . * I * : * 5 5.15 THE WORK i *
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*** * * * *: 5 5.16 THE WORK Defini
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*** * * * ** 6 DRYSTONE MASONRY STR
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*** * : 6 6.1 DRYSTONE MASONRY STRU
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*** ** 6 * DRYSTONE MASONRY STRUCTU
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*** * , * * *: 6 6.1.1 DRYSTONE MAS
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*** ! * I * * *** 6 6.1.1 DRYSTONE
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Page 197 and 198: Descripci6 Clot excavat per arribar
Page 199 and 200: Descripcio Clot excavat per arribar
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Page 223 and 224: ELEMENTS DE CONSTHUCCIO DE PEDHA EN
Page 225 and 226: Descripci6 Conduccia d'aigua entre
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Page 240 and 241: • rorIO d~"~vm~r • Porxo de Nev
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266 Roofing False dome made of flat
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Outside the roof has a stepped appe
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piece of stone, save the outside do
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*** * * * * *: 6 6.6.4 DRYSTONE MAS
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* I • . * *** 6 6.6.4 DRYSTONE MA
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** * * *: 6 6.6.5 DRYSTONE MASONRY
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** * *: 6 6.6.5 DRYSTONE MASONRY ST
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** * **: 6 6.6.6 DRYSTONE MASONRY S
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** * * *** 6 6.6.6 DRYSTONE MASONRY
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** * ** 6 6.7 DRYSTONE MASONRY STRU
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Description Track that people and p
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** * * * ** 6 6.7.1 DRYSTONE MASONR
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*** * * -:* * *** 6 6.7.1 DRYSTONE
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*** * * * **: 6 6.7.1 DRYSTONE MASO
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Materials Pedra viva. Tipus de ferm
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Descripcio eamf transitable per a c
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ELEMENTS DE CONSTHUCCIO DE PEDHA EN
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6 8 ELEMENTS D'ACUMULACIO • DE PE
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I STONE STORAGE STRUCTURES Descript
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6.9 PUJADORS Les construccions de p
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, ELEMENTS DE CONSTHUCCIO DE PEDHA
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ELEMENTS DE CONSTRUCCIO DE PEDRA EN
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CANYELLES, N. (1997) EI paisatge de
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