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Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

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380 FLUORESCENCE ANISOTROPY<br />

42. Gottlieb YYa, Wahl Ph. 1963. Étude théorique de la polarisation de<br />

fluorescence des macromolecules portant un groupe émetteur mobile<br />

autour d'un axe de rotation. J Chim Phys 60:849–856.<br />

43. Ferguson BQ, Yang DCH. 1986. Methionyl-tRNA synthetase<br />

induced 3'-terminal and delocalized conformational transition in<br />

tRNA fMet: steady-state fluorescence <strong>of</strong> tRNA with a single fluorophore.<br />

Biochemistry 25:529–539.<br />

44. Buchner J. 1996. Supervising the fold: functional principals <strong>of</strong><br />

molecular chaperones. FASEB J 10:10–19.<br />

45. Ellis RJ. 1996. The chaperonins. Academic Press, New York.<br />

46. Braig K, Otwinowski Z, Hegde R, Bolsvert DC, Joachimiak A,<br />

Horwich AL, Sigler PB. 1994. The crystal structure <strong>of</strong> the bacterial<br />

chaperonin GroEL at 2.8 Å. Nature 371:578–586.<br />

47. Gorovits BM, Horowitz PM. 1995. The molecular chaperonin cpn60<br />

displays local flexibility that is reduced after binding with an unfolded<br />

protein. J Biol Chem 270(22):13057–13062.<br />

48. Lim K, Jameson DM, Gentry CA, Herron JN. 1995. Molecular<br />

dynamics <strong>of</strong> the anti-fluorescein 4-4-20 antigen-binding fragment, 2:<br />

time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Biochemistry 34:6975–<br />

6984.<br />

49. Lukas TJ, Burgess WH, Prendergast FG, Lau W, Watterson DM.<br />

1986. Calmodulin binding domains: characterization <strong>of</strong> a phosphorylation<br />

and calmodulin binding site from myosin light chain kinase.<br />

Biochemistry 25:1458–1464.<br />

50. Malencik DA, Anderson SR. 1984. Peptide binding by calmodulin<br />

and its proteolytic fragments and by troponin C. Biochemistry 23:<br />

2420–2428.<br />

51. Eftink MR, 1994. The use <strong>of</strong> fluorescence methods to monitor<br />

unfolding transitions in proteins. Biophys J 66:482–501.<br />

52. LeTilly V, Royer CA. 1993. <strong>Fluorescence</strong> anisotropy assays implicate<br />

protein–protein interactions in regulating trp repressor DNA<br />

binding. Biochemistry 32:7753–7758.<br />

53. Banik U, Beechem JM, Klebanow E, Schroeder S, Weil PA. 2001.<br />

<strong>Fluorescence</strong>-based analyses <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> full-length recombinant<br />

TAF130p on the interaction <strong>of</strong> TATA box-binding protein with<br />

TATA box DNA. J Biol Chem 276(52):49100–49109.<br />

54. Hiller DA, Fogg JM, Martin AM, Beechem JM, Reich NO, Perona<br />

JJ. 2003. Simultaneous DNA binding and bending by ecoRV<br />

endonuclease observed by real-time fluorescence. Biochemistry 42:<br />

14375–14385.<br />

55. Taniguchi M, Yoshimi T, Hongo K, Mizobata T, Kawata Y. 2004.<br />

Stopped-flow fluorescence analysis <strong>of</strong> the conformational changes in<br />

the GroEL apical domain. J Biol Chem 279(16):16368–16376.<br />

56. Xu HQ, Zhang AH, Auclair C, Xi XG. 2003. Simultaneously monitoring<br />

DNA binding and helicase-catalyzed DNA unwinding by fluorescence<br />

polarization. Nucleic Acids Res 31(14):e70.<br />

57. Runnels LW, Scarlata SF. 1995. Theory and application <strong>of</strong> fluorescence<br />

homotransfer to melittin oligomerization. Biophys J<br />

69:1569–1583.<br />

58. Shinitky M, Dianoux AC, Gitler C, Weber G. 1971. Microviscosity<br />

and order in the hydrocarbon region <strong>of</strong> micelles and membranes<br />

determined with fluorescence probes, I: synthetic micelles.<br />

Biochemistry 10:2106–2113.<br />

59. Cogen U, Shinitzky M, Weber G, Nishida T. 1973. Microviscosity<br />

and order in the hydrocarbon region <strong>of</strong> phospholipid and phospholipid–cholesterol<br />

dispersions determined with fluorescent probes.<br />

Biochemistry 12:521–528.<br />

60. Thulborn KR, Tilley LM, Sawyer WH, Treloar FE. 1979. The use <strong>of</strong><br />

n-(9-anthroyloxy) fatty acids to determine fluidity and polarity gradients<br />

in phospholipids bilayers. Biochim Biophys Acta 558:<br />

166–178.<br />

61. Thulborn KR, Beddard GS. 1982. The effects <strong>of</strong> cholesterol on the<br />

time-resolved emission anisotropy <strong>of</strong> 12-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid<br />

in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers. Biochim Biophy Acta<br />

693:246–252.<br />

62. Varma R, Mayor S. 1998. GPI-anchored proteins are organized in<br />

submicron domains at the cell surface. Nature 394:798–801.<br />

63. Rosell FI, Boxer SG. 2003. Polarized absorption spectra <strong>of</strong> green fluorescent<br />

protein single crystals: transition dipole moment directions.<br />

Biochemistry 42:177–183.<br />

64. Inoué S, Shimomura O, Goda M, Shribak M, Tran PT. 2002.<br />

<strong>Fluorescence</strong> polarization <strong>of</strong> green fluorescence protein. Proc Natl<br />

Acad Sci USA 99(7):4272–4277.<br />

ADDITIONAL READING ON THE APPLICATION<br />

OF ANISOTROPY<br />

Association Reactions<br />

Hey T, Lipps G, Krauss G. 2001. Binding <strong>of</strong> XPA and RPA to damaged<br />

DNA investigated by fluorescence anisotropy. Biochemistry 40:<br />

2901–2910.<br />

Imaging<br />

Lidke DS, Nagy P, Barisas BG, Heintzmann R, Post JN, Lidke KA,<br />

Clayton AHA, Arndt-Jovin DJ, Jovin TM. 2003. Imaging molecular<br />

interactions in cells by dynamic and static fluorescence anisotropy<br />

(rFLIM and emFRET). Biochem Soc Trans 31(5):1020–1027.<br />

Membranes<br />

Gidwani A, Holowka D, Baird B. 2001. <strong>Fluorescence</strong> anisotropy measurements<br />

<strong>of</strong> lipid order in plasma membranes and lipid rafts from RBL-<br />

2H3 mast cells. Biochemistry 40:12422–12429.<br />

Huertas ML, Cruz V, Cascales JJ, Acuña AU, Garcia de la Torre J. 1996.<br />

Distribution and diffusivity <strong>of</strong> a hydrophobic probe molecule in the<br />

interior <strong>of</strong> a membrane: theory and simulation. Biophys J<br />

71:1428–1439.<br />

Sinha M, Mishra S, Joshi PG. 2003. Liquid-ordered microdomains in lipid<br />

rafts and plasma membrane <strong>of</strong> U-87 MG cells: a time-resolved fluorescence<br />

study. Eur Biophys J 32:381–391.<br />

Oriented Systems<br />

Fisz JJ, Buczkowski M. 2001. Excited-state orientation-dependent irreversible<br />

interconversion and fluorescence depolarization in organized<br />

molecular media, I: theory. J Chem Phys 115(15):7051–7060.<br />

Dale RE, Hopkins SC, an der Heide UA, Marszalek T, Irving M, Goldman<br />

YE. 1999. Model-independent analysis <strong>of</strong> the operation <strong>of</strong> fluorescent<br />

probes with restricted mobility in muscle fibers. Biophys J<br />

76:1606–1618.

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