Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

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936 INDEX Gonadotropin, 548 Goodness of fit (χ R 2), 134–135, 136 diffusion of D–A pairs, 500 frequency-domain lifetime measurements, 162, 179–182 mixture lifetime resolution, 140–141 three-decay time model, 183–184 time-domain lifetime measurements, 131–132, 133–134, 146 Goppert-Mayer, Maria, 609 Goppert-Mayer units, 609 Gramicidin, 463–465 Gratings in monochromators, 34–35, 36 in spectrofluorometer, 28, 29 surface plasmon-coupled emission, 868–869 Green fluorescent protein, 307–309, 360 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, 811 fluorophores, 81–83 frequency-domain lifetime measurements, 171 indicator for estrogens, 458 single-molecule detection, 762–763, 778 time-domain lifetime measurement, 145–146 GroEL, 455–456, 771–773, 807 GroES, 455–456, 772–773 Ground-state complex quenching mechanisms, 278 tyrosine, 534–535 Guanidine hydrochloride, 555, 556 Guanine, 311, 341, 342 Guanosine-containing substrate-binding strand (G-SBS), 312 Guanosine nucleotides, 311–312 H Hairpin ribozyme, 493 Half-wave voltage, 166 Halides, 335 Halocarbons, 335–336 Halogenated anesthetics, 632 Halogens, 11, 278, 279 quenching by, 334 Halothane, 304–305 Hand-over-hand motion, 784 Head-on photomultiplier tubes, 47 Heat filter, 32 α-Helical structure, 561–562, 563 Helicase, 313 Helicase-catalyzed DNA unwinding, 373–374 Helium-cadmium laser, 173 Heme proteins Förster distances, 468 intrinsic fluorescence, 594–596 solvent relaxation, 243–244 Hemicyanine dyes, 254 Her2 marker, labeling of, 678 Herschel, John Frederick William, 2–3, 3 Heterogeneous decays, time-domain lifetime measurements, 101–103 Heterotransfer, 450–451 Hexane, 214 chlorophyll aggregates, 146–147 polarizability, 209 Stokes shift, 209, 210 Hexokinase, 690 High throughput, spectrofluorometer for, 29–30 Hindered rotational diffusion, membranes, 399–402 Hindered rotors, 391–392 Histidine, 341 quenching, 278, 279 Histocompatibility protein, 589 HITC, 52 HIV integrase, 78, 404–406 HIV protease, 80 Hoechst 33258, 286–287 Hoechst 33342, 75 Hoechst 33358, 75 Holliday junction in distance distributions, 493–494 in single-molecule detection, 782–783 Holographic filters, 766 Holographic gratings, 37 Homotransfer, 374, 450–451 HPLC, 175 HPTS (8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6,8-trisulfonate) blood gas measurement, 637 mirror-image rule exceptions, 8 pH sensors, 639–640 HTa (histone-like protein), 544–545 Human antithrombin (AT), 560–561 β-Human chorionic gonadotropin, 661 Human immunodeficiency virus integrase, 78 Human immunodeficiency virus protease, 80 Human luteinizing hormone, 435, 436 Human serum albumin, 13, 72, 304, 548 anisotropy decay, 413–414 intensity decay, 583, 584 laser diode excitation, measurement with, 71, 72 Hybridization, release of quenching, 310, 311 Hydration, 367 Hydrogen peroxide, 278, 279 Hydrogen pulse lamps, 113 Hydrophobic surface, calmodulin, 226–227 7-Hydroxycoumarin (umbelliferone), 79 8-Hydroxypyrene-1,3,6,8-trisulfonate. See HPTS 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 66 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5HW), 564, 565 I IAEDANS distance distributions, 490–493 Förster distances, 468 immunoglobulin fragment labeled with, 371–372 quenching-resolved spectra, 301–302 IAF-CK, 662 IAF [5-(Iodoacetamido)fluorescein], 68 domain motion, 495 Förster distances, 468 ICT (internal charge transfer), 207, 220–221, 223–224, 229, 232 Image correlation spectroscopy literature references, 837–838 Imaging intracellular, 306–307 in vivo, 656–658 Imidazole and imidazolium, quenching by, 278 Imidazolium, 336, 341 Immunoassays, 658–663 ELISA, 659 energy-transfer, 660–661
PRINCIPLES OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 937 fluorescence polarization, 661–663 metal–ligand complexes, 691–693 surface plasmon-coupled emission, 867 time-resolved, 659–660 Immunoglobulin G, 854 Immunoglobulins anisotropy decay, 396–397 domain-to-domain motions in, 690 fragment, Perrin plot, 371–372 rotational correlation time, 367 Immunophilin KFB59-1, 592–593 Impulse response function, 106–107, 158, 246 Inchworm motion, 784 Incomplete labeling effects, energy-transfer studies, 452, 487–489 Indicators, principles, 16–17 Indo-1, 647, 648, 649, 650 Indole covalent adduct formation, 314 decay times, 489 electronic state resolution, 360–361 frequency-domain lifetime measurements, 178–180, 185 intensity decays, 579 mixture lifetime resolution, 138–141 quenching, 11, 278, 279, 341, 537 RET in three dimensions, 509–510 solvent effects, 533–534 spectral relaxation, 596 time-domain lifetime, multi-exponential decays, 133, 134 Infrared and NIR fluorescence dyes, 74–75 light sources, 32 Inner filter effects, 55–56, 290 In situ DNA hybridization, 715–717 Instrumentation, 21–24 corrected emission spectra, 52–54 comparison with known emission spectra, 52–53 conversion between wavelength and wavenumber, 53–54 correction factors obtained with standard lamp, 53 quantum counter and scatterer use, 53 corrected excitation spectra, 51–52 dual-color fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy, 824 excitation and emission spectra, 21–24, 27–31 distortions in, 30–31 ideal spectrofluorometer, 30 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, 22–23 frequency-domain lifetime measurements, 163–168, 194–175 cross-correlation detection, 166 frequency synthesizers, 167 history, 163–164 laser diode excitation, 174 LED excitation, 174–175 light modulators, 165–166 200-MHz fluorometers, 164–165 photomultiplier tubes, 167–168 principles of measurement, 168 radio-frequency amplifiers, 167 simple frequency-domain instruments, 173–175 light absorption and deviation from Beer-Lambert law, 58–59 light sources, 31–34 arc and incandescent lamps, 31–34 literature references, 838 monochromators, 34–38 calibration of, 38 polarization characteristics of, 36 second-order transmission in, 37 stray light in, 36–37 wavelength resolution and emission spectra, 35 multiphoton excitation, 21–22 optical filters, 38–41 bandpass, 39 combination, 40 for fluorescence microscopy, 41 neutral density, 40 signal purity and, 41–44 thin-film, 39–40 photomultiplier tubes, 44–49 CCD detectors, 49 failure of, symptoms, 49 hybrid, 49 photon counting vs. analog detection of fluorescence, 48–49 PMT design and dynode chains, 46–47 polarizers, 49–51 spectral response, 45–46 time response of, 47 quantum counters, 51–52 quantum yield standards, 54–55 sample geometry effects, 55–57 sample preparation, common errors in, 57–58 single-molecule detection, 23–24, 764–768 time-correlated single-photon counting (See Time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC)) two-photon and multiphoton excitation, 21–22 Instrument response function (IRF), 100, 105–106, 387, 487 Insulin, 813 Integrins, energy transfer, 518–519 Intensity-based sensing, 645 Intensity decay, 98, 577–578 aromatic amino acids, 578 correlation time imaging, 406–407 least-squares analysis, 161–162 microsecond luminescence decays, 129 multi-exponential model, 101–102 of NADH, 172 RET in three dimensions, 509–511 ribonuclease T I and single-exponential intensity, 584, 585 time-domain lifetime measurements, 145–148 chlorophyll aggregates in hexane, 146–147 FAD, 147–148 green fluorescent protein, systematic data errors, 145–146 picosecond decay time, 146 single-tryptophan protein, 145 tryptophan, 580–583 decay-associated emission spectra, 581 neutral tryptophan derivatives, 581–582 rotamer model, 578–580 tyrosine, 580–583 neutral tyrosine derivatives, 582–583 Intensity decay laws, 141–144 lifetime distributions, 143 multi-exponential decay, 141–143 stretched exponentials, 144 transient effects, 144–145 Intensity fluctuations, 798–799, 800 Interference filters, 39–40 Interferon-γ resonance energy transfer, 540–542
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Principles of Fluorescence Spectros
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Joseph R. Lakowicz Center for Fluor
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Preface The first edition of Princi
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x GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS DNS dansyl o
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xii GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS TRES time-
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xiv GLOSSARY OF MATHEMATICAL TERMS
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xvi CONTENTS 2.9.4. Conversion betw
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xviii CONTENTS 6. Solvent and Envir
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xx CONTENTS 10.4.4. Alignment of Po
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xxii CONTENTS 14.7.1. Simulations o
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xxiv CONTENTS 19.12. New Approaches
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xxvi CONTENTS 25.3. Optical Propert
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2 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE Figu
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6 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE inst
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10 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE Fig
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12 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE ns,
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14 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE 1.7
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24 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE due
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28 INSTRUMENTATION FOR FLUORESCENCE
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3 Fluorescence probes represent the
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PRINCIPLES OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROS
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98 TIME-DOMAIN LIFETIME MEASUREMENT
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100 TIME-DOMAIN LIFETIME MEASUREMEN
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5 In the preceding chapter we descr
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6 Solvent polarity and the local en
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238 DYNAMICS OF SOLVENT AND SPECTRA
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278 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE 8.1.
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280 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE Figur
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282 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE ly ev
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290 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE relat
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298 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE σ ar
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320 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE 47. R
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322 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE 113.
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328 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE P8.3.
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330 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE P8.11
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332 MECHANISMS AND DYNAMICS OF FLUO
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10 Measurements of fluorescence ani
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444 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.1. Fl
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446 ENERGY TRANSFER wavelength is e
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448 ENERGY TRANSFER Table 13.1. Cal
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450 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.6. Ab
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452 ENERGY TRANSFER safe for many p
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454 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.12. P
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456 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.16. E
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458 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.21. R
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460 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.24. R
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462 ENERGY TRANSFER tiple acceptors
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464 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.29. A
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466 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.33. F
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468 ENERGY TRANSFER Table 13.3. Rep
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470 ENERGY TRANSFER 55. Clegg RM. 1
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472 ENERGY TRANSFER Tong AK, Jockus
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474 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.39. O
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14 In the previous chapter we descr
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578 TIME-RESOLVED PROTEIN FLUORESCE
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19 Fluorescence sensing of chemical
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676 NOVEL FLUOROPHORES Figure 20.1.
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678 NOVEL FLUOROPHORES Figure 20.7.
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680 NOVEL FLUOROPHORES Figure 20.12
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698 NOVEL FLUOROPHORES 33. Acherman
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700 NOVEL FLUOROPHORES 103. Demas J
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702 NOVEL FLUOROPHORES 176. Montalt
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21 During the past 20 years there h
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758 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION Figur
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770 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION Table
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788 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION TCSPC
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790 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION 53. H
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792 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION Ke PC
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794 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION Polar
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862 RADIATIVE-DECAY ENGINEERING: SU
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Appendix I Corrected Emission Spect
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Page 929 and 930: Index A Absorption spectroscopy, 12
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