Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

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942 INDEX Naphthylamines and sulfonic acids excited-state reactions, 610 quenchers of, 279 Naphthylamine sulfonic acids, 71. See also ANS; TNS (2-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid) NATA (N-acetyl-L-tryptophanamide), 217 anisotropy decay of, 588 decay-associated spectra, 582 intensity decay, 120, 579–580, 581–582 lifetime reference, 100 quenching, 285, 341, 547, 548 rotational correlation times, 590 structure, 579 Natural fluorescence of proteins, 594–596 Natural lifetime, 10, 537 NATyrA (N-acetyl-L-tyrosinamide), 531–532 intensity decay of, 582–583 NBD derivatives Förster distances, 468 lipids quenching, 279, 299, 300 red-edge excitation shifts, 258–259 NBD (7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole) quenchers of, 279 NBS (nitrobenzenesulfenyl) Förster distances, 468 Nd:YAG lasers, 108, 109–111 Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NFSOM), 763–764, 765, 778 literature references, 793 Near-infrared emitting lanthanides, 682, 683 Near-IR. See Light-emitting diodes Near-IR probes, DNA sequencing, 710–711 Negative pre-exponential factor, 597 Nelder-Mead algorithm, 131 Neodymium, 682–683 Neodymium:YAG lasers, 110 Neuro-2a, 455 Neuronal receptor peptide (NRP), 551–552 Neutral density filters, 40 Neutral Red (NR), 223, 338, 339 N-Hydroxysuccinimide, 68 Nickel, 278, 279 Nicotinamide, 348 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. See NADH Nile Blue, 514–515 Nitric oxide, 278, 279 Nitrite, 348 Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diaxol-4-yl. See NBD Nitrogen as flashlamp, 113 Nitromethane, 279 Nitrous oxide, 632–633 Nitroxide-labeled 5-doxylstearate, 299 Nitroxide-labeled phosphatidylcholines, 295, 296 Nitroxide quenching, 278, 279, 295 Nonlinear least-squares analysis. See Least-squares analysis Nonlinear least squares (NLLS), 124 Non-radiative decay, 842–843 Non-radiative decay rate, 222–223 Non-spherical fluorophores, 391 Notch filters, 39, 40 Nuclease, 548 Nucleic acids, 65 anisotropy decay, time-dependent, 402–406 DNA binding to HIV integrase, 404–406 DNA oligomer hydrodynamics, 403 intracellular DNA dynamics, 403–404 aptamers, 724–726 energy transfer, 459–461 labeling methods, 707–708 quenching, 284 Nucleotides, 65 quenching by, 341–342 O Oblate ellipsoids of revolution, 422–423 Occupation numbers, 804 Octadecapentaenoic acid, 401–402 Octadecyl rhodamine B (ORB), 512–513 Octadecyl rhodamine (ODR), 519 Förster distances, 468 Octanol, 210, 215 Off-center illumination, 55 Olefins, 278, 279 Oligonucleotides anisotropy decay, 416 energy transfer, 710 Oligosaccharides, distance distributions, 495–496 One-photon excitation, 171, 608–609 absorption spectra, 610 cross-sections for, 609 Optical bias, 166 Optical density, 55 Optical filters, 29, 766–768 bandpass, 39 colored, 38–39 combination, 40 for fluorescence microscopy, 41 interference, 38–39 neutral density, 40 signal purity and, 41–44 thin-film, 39–40 Optical properties of metal colloids, 845–846 of tissues, 625 Optics confocal, 761–762, 763 internal reflection, 760–761 single-molecule detection, 762–764 Oregon Green, 516, 639, 648 Orientation factor (k2 ), 448–450 energy transfer, 465, 489 on possible range of distances, 448–449, 452–453 Orientation imaging of R6G and GFP, 777–778 Orientation polarizability, 209, 211 Oriented fluorophores, transition moments, 353, 377–378 Oscillator strength, 59 Osmium metal–ligand complexes, 684, 685, 686 energy gap law, 688 Osmium MLCs, 88 Overlap integral, 445, 449–450 Oxazine dyes, 74 Oxonal, 73
PRINCIPLES OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY 943 Oxygen intersystem crossing, 816 quenching by, 334 Oxygen imaging literature references, 754 Oxygen probes/sensors, 17 blood gas measurement, 637 camphorquinone, 672 collisional quenching mechanism, 627–630 lifetime-based, 628–629 mechanism of oxygen selectivity, 529 Oxygen quenching, 277, 278, 279 diffusion coefficient, 293–294 DMPC/cholesterol vesicles, 256–257, 293–294 DNA-probes, 286 intensity decays, 346 lifetime-resolved anisotropy, 435–436 membrane lipids, 293–294 monellin, 432 of phosphorescence, 317–318 of proteins, 548–549 quenching efficiency, 281 transient effects, 346 of tryptophan, 283–284 Oxytocin, 178, 399 P Papain, 584 Parallel component, 776 Parallax quenching in membranes, 296–298 Parameter uncertainty, time-domain lifetime measurements, 134–135 Parinaric acid, 72, 415 Parvalbumin, 548, 599 Patman, 217, 218 membrane TRES, 245–246, 247, 248 Pebble sensors, 655–656 Pentagastrin, 590 Pepsinogen, chicken, 597 Peptides calmodulin binding, 372–373 distance distributions, 479–481 concentrations of D–A pairs and, 482 cross-fitting data to exclude alternative models, 481–482 donor decay without acceptor, 482 energy transfer aggregation of β-amyloid peptides, 515–516 membrane-spanning, 294–295 rigid vs. flexible hexapeptide, 479–481 Peroxides, quenching by, 279 Perrin equation, 13, 366–370 examples of Perrin plots, 369–370 Perrin plots, 369–370, 453 immunoglobulin fragment, 371–372 molecular chaperonin cpn60 (GroEL), 371 segmental motion effects, 436 tRNA binding to tRNA synthetase, 370–371 Perylene, 3, 4, 5, 10, 226, 391 anisotropy, 427–428, 429, 434, 435 rotational diffusion and, 422 anisotropy decay, 429–430 emission spectra, 7 energy transfer, 450 photoinduced electron energy transfer, 342–343 quenchers of, 279 pH, indicators/probes/sensors, 17, 175 blood gases, optical detection of, 637 energy-transfer mechanisms, 633–634 fluorescein, 637–639 GFP sensors, 655 HPTS, 639–640 literature references, 754 metal–ligand complexes, 694 pH sensors, 637–641 SNAFL and SNARF, 640–641 two-state, 637–641 Phase angles, 99, 162 frequency-domain anisotropy decays, 385, 386–387 frequency-domain lifetime measurements, 189–191 lifetime relationship to, 192–194 phase-modulation resolution of emission spectra, 198 solvent relaxation, 246 Phase lifetimes, apparent, 191–192 Phase modulation fluorescence equations, derivation of, 192–194 lifetime relationship to, 192–194 Phase-modulation fluorometry, 265–270 apparent phase and modulation lifetimes, 266–267 wavelength-dependent phase and modulation values, 267–269 Phase-modulation lifetimes HPLC, 175 time-domain lifetime measurements, 98 Phase-modulation spectra frequency-domain lifetime measurements, 194–196 Phase-sensitive and phase-resolved emission spectra, 194–197 fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy, 743 phase-modulation resolution of emission spectra, 197–199 from phase and modulation spectra, 198–199 phase angle and modulation-based, 198 phase or modulation lifetime-based, 198 theory of phase-sensitive detection, 195–196 examples of PSDF and phase suppression, 196–197 high-frequency or low-frequency, 197 Phase shift, 159 Phase transition in membranes, 217–219 Phenol excited-state reactions, 259–260 intensity decays, 578 quantum yield standards, 54 Phenol red, 633 Phenylalanine, 63 calcium binding to calmodulin using phenylalanine and tyrosine, 545–546 mutants of triosephosphate isomerase, 555, 556 quantum yield standards, 54 quenching of indole, 537 resonance energy transfer in proteins, 542, 543–545 spectral properties, 530, 531 tryptophan quenching of, 537, 592–593 2-Phenylindole, 269, 610 N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamine (NPN), 226, 227 Phorbol myristoyl acetate (PMA), 746 Phosphate, tyrosine absorption and emission, 534, 535 Phosphatidic acid, energy transfer, 463–464
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Principles of Fluorescence Spectros
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Joseph R. Lakowicz Center for Fluor
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Preface The first edition of Princi
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x GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS DNS dansyl o
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xii GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS TRES time-
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xiv GLOSSARY OF MATHEMATICAL TERMS
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xvi CONTENTS 2.9.4. Conversion betw
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xviii CONTENTS 6. Solvent and Envir
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xx CONTENTS 10.4.4. Alignment of Po
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xxii CONTENTS 14.7.1. Simulations o
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xxiv CONTENTS 19.12. New Approaches
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xxvi CONTENTS 25.3. Optical Propert
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2 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE Figu
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6 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE inst
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10 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE Fig
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12 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE ns,
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14 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE 1.7
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24 INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENCE due
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28 INSTRUMENTATION FOR FLUORESCENCE
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3 Fluorescence probes represent the
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PRINCIPLES OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROS
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98 TIME-DOMAIN LIFETIME MEASUREMENT
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100 TIME-DOMAIN LIFETIME MEASUREMEN
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6 Solvent polarity and the local en
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238 DYNAMICS OF SOLVENT AND SPECTRA
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278 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE 8.1.
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280 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE Figur
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282 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE ly ev
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290 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE relat
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298 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE σ ar
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320 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE 47. R
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322 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE 113.
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328 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE P8.3.
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330 QUENCHING OF FLUORESCENCE P8.11
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332 MECHANISMS AND DYNAMICS OF FLUO
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10 Measurements of fluorescence ani
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444 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.1. Fl
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446 ENERGY TRANSFER wavelength is e
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448 ENERGY TRANSFER Table 13.1. Cal
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450 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.6. Ab
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452 ENERGY TRANSFER safe for many p
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454 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.12. P
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456 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.16. E
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458 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.21. R
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460 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.24. R
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462 ENERGY TRANSFER tiple acceptors
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464 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.29. A
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466 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.33. F
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468 ENERGY TRANSFER Table 13.3. Rep
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470 ENERGY TRANSFER 55. Clegg RM. 1
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472 ENERGY TRANSFER Tong AK, Jockus
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474 ENERGY TRANSFER Figure 13.39. O
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578 TIME-RESOLVED PROTEIN FLUORESCE
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608 MULTIPHOTON EXCITATION AND MICR
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19 Fluorescence sensing of chemical
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676 NOVEL FLUOROPHORES Figure 20.1.
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678 NOVEL FLUOROPHORES Figure 20.7.
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680 NOVEL FLUOROPHORES Figure 20.12
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698 NOVEL FLUOROPHORES 33. Acherman
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700 NOVEL FLUOROPHORES 103. Demas J
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702 NOVEL FLUOROPHORES 176. Montalt
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21 During the past 20 years there h
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22 Fluorescence microscopy is one o
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758 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION Figur
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766 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION small
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770 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION Table
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786 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION face
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788 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION TCSPC
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790 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION 53. H
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792 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION Ke PC
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794 SINGLE-MOLECULE DETECTION Polar
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862 RADIATIVE-DECAY ENGINEERING: SU
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Appendix I Corrected Emission Spect
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Appendix II Fluorescence Lifetime S
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Page 897 and 898: 890 APPENDIX III P ADDITIONAL READI
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Page 929 and 930: Index A Absorption spectroscopy, 12
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Page 947: PRINCIPLES OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTROS
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