Proceedings of the Ninth Mountain Lion Workshop - Carnivore ...

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Wolf and Bear Detection of Cougar-Killed Ungulates on the Northern Range of Yellowstone National Park Polly C. Buotte, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2023 Stadium Drive, Suite 1A, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA polly@3rivers.net Toni K. Ruth, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2023 Stadium Drive, Suite 1A, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA truth@centurytel.net Howard B. Quigley, Craighead Beringia South, 3610 W. Broadwater Suite #111, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA beringiasouth@beringiasouth.org Maurice G. Hornocker, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2023 Stadium Drive, Suite 1A, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA. ABSTRACT The use of common habitat and prey resources can lead to both exploitative and interference competition between cougars and other large carnivores. Cougars generally require extended periods, typically 3 to 6 days, to consume a kill. Although caching and concealing the kill in thick cover minimizes detection, other carnivores do detect and encounter cougars at cougar-killed prey. If other carnivores displace cougars, loss of biomass may potentially affect cougar predation rates, survival, and success of rearing offspring. Alternatively, detection of kills potentially benefits other carnivore species. But what factors influence detection of cougar kills by wolves and bears, the cougar’s main competitors in northern latitudes? As part of an 8-year study of cougar-wolf interactions on the Northern Range of Yellowstone National Park, we examined factors that may influence whether wolves and bears detected a cougar kill. Between 1998 and 2005 we cataloged 427 positive or probable cougar-killed ungulates. Wolves visited 87 (20%) of these kills and displaced the cougar from 27 (6%). We limited bear detection data to 234 kills made during spring/summer and fall when bears were active. Bears visited 110 (47%) of these kills and displaced the cougar from 43 (18%) of them. Because there were instances when we could not determine whether visitation was simply scavenging or if displacement occurred, we collapsed visitation and displacements into detections and analyzed wolf detections separate from bear detections We used logistic regression and multi-model inference to assess a number of models including explanatory covariates of habitat, prey type and size, topography, and season. The odds of wolf detection clearly increased with increasing wolf use and decreasing slope. We suspect slope had a modifying effect on the wolf use variable, which was created from a 95% utilization distribution of wolf locations and therefore does not account for terrain differences. Elevation, topographic roughness, season, prey size, and distance to roads all had 95% confidence intervals around beta estimates that bounded zero. Therefore given the variation in this dataset we cannot be sure of these parameters’ true influence. The odds of bear detection were higher for large prey than small prey and in the spring than in the fall, and decreased sharply with the availability of more winter-kill carcasses. Slope, cover type at kill site, and distance to roads all had 95% confidence intervals around beta estimates that bounded zero. An index of bear use was not available for this analysis. Even in high carnivore use areas, terrain features may hinder wolf or bear access and allow cougar kills to remain undetected. These analyses illuminate factors that influence detection of cougar kills, which may indirectly influence cougar survival through loss of prey Proceedings of the Ninth Mountain Lion Workshop 154
iomass, or directly when cougars are killed during encounters, and promote understanding of habitats that may enhance coexistence of cougars and other large carnivores. Proceedings of the Ninth Mountain Lion Workshop 155
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Proceedings of the Ninth Mountain L
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IN REMEMBRANCE There are giants who
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Distinguished Service Awards Mauric
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North Dakota Dorothy Fescke .......
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Evaluation of noninvasive genetic s
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Survival and ages of cougars harves
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Preface Chronology of Mountain Lion
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9 th Mtn. Lion Workshop Agenda Coug
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10:35-10:55 Estimating lion populat
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Movements of a female cougar on the
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State and Province Mountain Lion St
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160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Lions
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somewhat stable, though overall abu
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Idaho Cougar Ages 2002 2003 2004 20
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and that occurred in 1999 to a 13-y
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the approximately 15 other bills in
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for Project CAT; his primary focus
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Oregon Mountain Lion Status Report
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cougar seasons are 10 months long (
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Population Status and Trend Status
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California Mountain Lion Status Rep
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Number (i) The permit does not inva
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The steps in responding to a public
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during the attack, objects chewed o
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Montana Mountain Lion Status Report
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Red Desert basin. Mixed conifer and
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Table 1. Wyoming mountain lion mana
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(Fig. 4). Approximately 90% of all
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- Use of rubber bullets - Use of pe
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Literature Cited Anderson, C.R., JR
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Genetic Monitoring A recent study b
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Literature Cited Anderson, C. R., F
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Mule deer and bighorn sheep hunting
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In 1981, the Harvest Objective hunt
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more than 10% of Nevada’s 286,298
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Future Research The Department is c
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Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW
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Figure 1. Wildlife Management Units
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Figure 2. Cougar habitat in Utah. A
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Table 1. Utah cougar harvests, 1989
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while encouraging some hunter selec
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State’s management objectives (ma
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Stoner, D. C., W. Reith, M.L. Wolfe
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Figure 1. Colorado mountain lion Da
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Percent Q. Achievement & Success 65
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in which we request voluntary reduc
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Figure 6 is preliminary information
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humans, predation on pets, hobby st
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Arizona Mountain Lion Status Report
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Hunt Regulations Since the 8 th Mou
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The AZGFD supports the Cooperative
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South Dakota Mountain Lion Status R
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National Park [TRNP], Three Affilia
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Mountain lion carcasses were weighe
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Figure 2. Verified mountain lion lo
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In 2007, eleven mountain lions (n =
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increases or expansion. The overall
Page 115 and 116: Florida Mountain Lion Status Report
Page 117 and 118: interactions. Six categories of int
Page 119 and 120: cases (a large breed dog, miniature
Page 121 and 122: Interactions with Humans at the Urb
Page 123 and 124: Demographic and Landscape Influence
Page 125 and 126: Challenges and Opportunities Facing
Page 127 and 128: Caloosahatchee River will be depend
Page 129 and 130: Prospects for Mountain Lion Persist
Page 131 and 132: Habitat Use and Movements Proceedin
Page 133 and 134: Daily Movement Distances of Florida
Page 135 and 136: Refining the Use of GPS Telemetry C
Page 137 and 138: ural areas (hereafter, developed zo
Page 139 and 140: owned, of which over 50% were zoned
Page 141 and 142: Garmin ® (Garmin Ltd.) GPS units.
Page 143 and 144: the steplength and turnangle distri
Page 145 and 146: Table 1. Collar performance, time m
Page 147 and 148: depredation on goats newly introduc
Page 149 and 150: Paths derived from puma movement pa
Page 151 and 152: Table 6 and Fig. 3 display the perc
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Page 155 and 156: parcels) and non-preferred habitat
Page 157 and 158: CDFG 2000. California Department of
Page 159 and 160: Stralberg, D. and B. Williams. 2002
Page 161 and 162: Multi-Carnivore and Prey Interactio
Page 163 and 164: subadults, and kittens, the study p
Page 165: Cougar Home Range Shifts and Appare
Page 169 and 170: Mountain Lion Movement Patterns in
Page 171 and 172: Genetics and Disease Proceedings of
Page 173 and 174: and CO2 rifles and biopsy darts (bo
Page 175 and 176: Estimation of the Bottleneck Size i
Page 177 and 178: A Preliminary Retrospective on the
Page 179 and 180: Population Estimation and Dynamics
Page 181 and 182: Dynamics and Demography of a Centra
Page 183 and 184: The Idaho Backcountry: Is it Still
Page 185 and 186: Study Areas and Methods We selected
Page 187 and 188: We calculated the proportion of res
Page 189 and 190: Warren Adult Female Sub Female Sub
Page 191 and 192: Harvest Rate Change Four long-term
Page 193 and 194: had increased to over 25% of the co
Page 195 and 196: editor. Proceedings of the Third Mo
Page 197 and 198: Censusing Pumas by Categorizing Phy
Page 199 and 200: Education and Social Issues Proceed
Page 201 and 202: The Land of the Living Dead Comes A
Page 203 and 204: Science and Education Working Toget
Page 205 and 206: Her dad was a cougar hunter, so Eve
Page 207 and 208: The Gray Whales’ Migration Journe
Page 209 and 210: 11) How do we manage real-time GPS
Page 211 and 212: harvest is not allowed. This reflec
Page 213 and 214: Key Concepts: Mountain Lion Managem
Page 215 and 216: Dispersal Movements of Subadult Cou
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Cougar Management Protocols: a Surv
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Response percent Response percent 1
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Table 2. Cougar population status b
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Table 5. Responses to what informat
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Rating average 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.
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Throughout the US and Canada, appro
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Percent Percent 100 90 80 70 60 50
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Table 8. Agency responses to what c
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the incident rated highest (67%). O
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Brochures/pamphlets/factsheets News
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In terms of education and outreach
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Population Status A vital prerequis
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agencies towards a standardized lan
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Literature Cited Anderson, C. R., a
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6) How does your agency solicit non
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19a) Hunting information Number of
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Game Warden/Conservation Officer Pr
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Cougars are not relocated when invo
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Other (explain) 45) What approaches
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Poster Session Proceedings of the N
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Generating an Index of Relative Abu
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Movements of a Female Cougar on the
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Survival and Ages of Cougars Harves
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Intra-specific Variation in Cougar
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Cougars in British Columbia: Conser
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Cougar-Induced Vigilance in Ungulat
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List of Participants First Name Las
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First Name Last Name Affiliation Ci
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First Name Last Name Affiliation Ci
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