Proceedings of the Ninth Mountain Lion Workshop - Carnivore ...

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Variation in the Reproductive Success of Female Cougars by Individual Traits, Density, and Seasonal Weather. Diana Ghikas, Canadian Wildlife Service, 300-2365 Albert Street, Regina, SK S4P 4K1, Canada, Diana.Ghikas@ec.gc.ca Martin Jalkotzy, Golder Associates, 1000-940 6th Avenue S.W., Calgary, AB T2P 3P1, Canada, Martin_Jalkotzy@Golder.com P. Ian Ross (Deceased) ABSTRACT The vital rates (fecundity, survivorship) and migration rates of an animal population determine its size and composition, and represent the combined life-history performances of its constituents. Understanding how individual traits, population characteristics, and extrinsic factors influence fecundity and survivorship is fundamental to explaining the dynamics of a population. It can also reveal valuable insights about the species’ life-history strategies. In addition, being able to predict changes in vital rates, based on known associations with key explanatory variables, is important when managing for a stable population. To examine how the short-term reproductive success of adult female cougars varied with an individual’s identity (i.e., age, size) and behavior (i.e., habitat use), conspecific density, and weather, we analyzed long-term data of a hunted population of cougars in SW Alberta studied by Jalkotzy and Ross during 1981-1994. We developed generalizedlinear models to identify different influences on female reproductive output. Habitat use was measured in a novel way, which accounted for extreme behavior, and out-performed measuring the average habitat used. Productive females were older and frequented habitats with 49% open-canopy cover) within 1.0 km 2 of a female’s location. Productivity varied negatively with the density of independent cougars. Litter sizes were large when mothers occupied mid-elevation habitats (summer: 1437-1745 m, winter: 1445-1678 m). Femalebiased litters were reared when cougar density was low or when mothers experienced harsh conditions: cold snowy winters and springs or poor-quality habitat. Plausible explanations for sex-biased litters are presented. Future challenges: Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism by which a mother rears a sex-biased litter; links between reproductive output, adult female physiology, and habitat and weather conditions; and, density-dependent effects on offspring sex ratios. Proceedings of the Ninth Mountain Lion Workshop 256
List of Participants First Name Last Name Affiliation City State Zip Email Address Bruce Ackerman Idaho Fish & Game Boise ID 83707 backerman@idfg.idaho.gov Aliah Adams-Knopff Central East Slopes Cougar Study Nordegg Alberta Tom2ho aliah_ak@hotmail.com Holly Akenson University of Idaho Taylor Ranch Field Station Cascade ID 83611 tayranch@hughes.net Jim Akenson University of Idaho Taylor Ranch Field Station Cascade ID 83611 micaake@yahoo.com Harriet Allen Washington Fish & Wildlife Olympia WA 98501 allenhla@dfw.wa.gov Jim Allen Alberta Fish & Wildlife Edmonton Alberta T5K2M4 james.allen@gov.ab.ca Jerry Apker Colorado Divison of Wildlife Monte Vista CO 81144 jerry.apker@state.co.us Paul Atwood Idaho State University Blackfoot ID 83221 patwood@idfg.idaho.gov Michelle Bacon University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G2E1 mmbacon@ualberta.ca Travis Bartnick Craighead Beringia South Kelly WY 83011 beringiasouth@beringiasouth.org Rich Beausoleil Washington Fish & Wildlife Wenatchee WA 90001 beausrab@dfw.wa.gov Tom Becker Utah Division of Wildlife Services Tooele UT 84074 tobecker@utah.gov Chris Beldon USFWS Vero Beach FL 32960 chris_belden@fws.gov Jeff Beringer Missouri Bept. Of Conservation Columbia MO 65201 jeff.beringer@mdc.mo.gov Regan Berkley Idaho Fish & Game Jerome ID 83338 rberkley@idfg.idaho.gov Michael Bodenchuk USDA APHIS WS San Antonio TX 78201 ruth.luna@aphis.usda.gov Teresa Bonzo Utah Division of Wildlife Services Cedar City UT 54720 teresabonzo@utah.gov Emorie Broemel The Cougar Fund Jackson WY 83001 emorie@cougarfund.org Rod Bullis Bitterroot Houndsman Assoc. Helena MT 59602 Kevin Bunnell Utah Division of Wildlife Services Salt Lake City UT 84115 kevinbunnell@utah.gov Polly Buotte Selway Institute Gallatin Gateway MT 59730 polly@3rivers.net chris Burdett Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 cburdett@warnercnr.cnr.colostate.edu Sara Carlson The Cougar Fund Jackson WY 83001 sara@cougarfund.org Geoff Carrow Parks Canada Victoria BC V8S3G9 geoff.carrow@pc.gc.ca David Choate University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 dchoate@nd.edu Kevin Cobble USFWS Los Cruces NM 88012 kevin_cobble@fws.gov Brad Compton Idaho Fish & Game Boise ID 83707 bcompton@idfg.idaho.gov Matthew Cooksey Northrop Grummman Corp New Braufels TX 78130 lcooksey@hotmail.com Hilary Cooley Washington State University Spokane WA 99203 hcruicks@wsu.edu Proceedings of the Ninth Mountain Lion Workshop 257
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Proceedings of the Ninth Mountain L
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IN REMEMBRANCE There are giants who
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Distinguished Service Awards Mauric
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North Dakota Dorothy Fescke .......
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Evaluation of noninvasive genetic s
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Survival and ages of cougars harves
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Preface Chronology of Mountain Lion
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9 th Mtn. Lion Workshop Agenda Coug
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10:35-10:55 Estimating lion populat
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Movements of a female cougar on the
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State and Province Mountain Lion St
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160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Lions
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somewhat stable, though overall abu
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Idaho Cougar Ages 2002 2003 2004 20
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and that occurred in 1999 to a 13-y
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the approximately 15 other bills in
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for Project CAT; his primary focus
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Oregon Mountain Lion Status Report
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cougar seasons are 10 months long (
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Population Status and Trend Status
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California Mountain Lion Status Rep
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Number (i) The permit does not inva
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The steps in responding to a public
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during the attack, objects chewed o
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Montana Mountain Lion Status Report
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Red Desert basin. Mixed conifer and
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Table 1. Wyoming mountain lion mana
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(Fig. 4). Approximately 90% of all
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- Use of rubber bullets - Use of pe
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Literature Cited Anderson, C.R., JR
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Genetic Monitoring A recent study b
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Literature Cited Anderson, C. R., F
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Mule deer and bighorn sheep hunting
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In 1981, the Harvest Objective hunt
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more than 10% of Nevada’s 286,298
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Future Research The Department is c
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Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW
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Figure 1. Wildlife Management Units
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Figure 2. Cougar habitat in Utah. A
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Table 1. Utah cougar harvests, 1989
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while encouraging some hunter selec
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State’s management objectives (ma
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Stoner, D. C., W. Reith, M.L. Wolfe
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Figure 1. Colorado mountain lion Da
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Percent Q. Achievement & Success 65
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in which we request voluntary reduc
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Figure 6 is preliminary information
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humans, predation on pets, hobby st
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Arizona Mountain Lion Status Report
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Hunt Regulations Since the 8 th Mou
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The AZGFD supports the Cooperative
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South Dakota Mountain Lion Status R
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National Park [TRNP], Three Affilia
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Mountain lion carcasses were weighe
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Figure 2. Verified mountain lion lo
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In 2007, eleven mountain lions (n =
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increases or expansion. The overall
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Florida Mountain Lion Status Report
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interactions. Six categories of int
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cases (a large breed dog, miniature
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Interactions with Humans at the Urb
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Demographic and Landscape Influence
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Challenges and Opportunities Facing
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Caloosahatchee River will be depend
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Prospects for Mountain Lion Persist
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Habitat Use and Movements Proceedin
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Daily Movement Distances of Florida
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Refining the Use of GPS Telemetry C
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ural areas (hereafter, developed zo
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owned, of which over 50% were zoned
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Garmin ® (Garmin Ltd.) GPS units.
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the steplength and turnangle distri
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Table 1. Collar performance, time m
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depredation on goats newly introduc
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Paths derived from puma movement pa
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Table 6 and Fig. 3 display the perc
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even mortality from a heavily explo
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parcels) and non-preferred habitat
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CDFG 2000. California Department of
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Stralberg, D. and B. Williams. 2002
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Multi-Carnivore and Prey Interactio
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subadults, and kittens, the study p
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Cougar Home Range Shifts and Appare
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iomass, or directly when cougars ar
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Mountain Lion Movement Patterns in
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Genetics and Disease Proceedings of
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and CO2 rifles and biopsy darts (bo
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Estimation of the Bottleneck Size i
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A Preliminary Retrospective on the
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Population Estimation and Dynamics
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Dynamics and Demography of a Centra
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The Idaho Backcountry: Is it Still
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Study Areas and Methods We selected
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We calculated the proportion of res
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Warren Adult Female Sub Female Sub
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Harvest Rate Change Four long-term
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had increased to over 25% of the co
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editor. Proceedings of the Third Mo
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Censusing Pumas by Categorizing Phy
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Education and Social Issues Proceed
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The Land of the Living Dead Comes A
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Science and Education Working Toget
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Her dad was a cougar hunter, so Eve
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The Gray Whales’ Migration Journe
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11) How do we manage real-time GPS
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harvest is not allowed. This reflec
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Key Concepts: Mountain Lion Managem
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Dispersal Movements of Subadult Cou
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Page 219 and 220: Response percent Response percent 1
Page 221 and 222: Table 2. Cougar population status b
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Page 225 and 226: Rating average 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.
Page 227 and 228: Throughout the US and Canada, appro
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Page 231 and 232: Table 8. Agency responses to what c
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Page 235 and 236: Brochures/pamphlets/factsheets News
Page 237 and 238: In terms of education and outreach
Page 239 and 240: Population Status A vital prerequis
Page 241 and 242: agencies towards a standardized lan
Page 243 and 244: Literature Cited Anderson, C. R., a
Page 245 and 246: 6) How does your agency solicit non
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Page 249 and 250: Game Warden/Conservation Officer Pr
Page 251 and 252: Cougars are not relocated when invo
Page 253 and 254: Other (explain) 45) What approaches
Page 255 and 256: Poster Session Proceedings of the N
Page 257 and 258: Generating an Index of Relative Abu
Page 259 and 260: Movements of a Female Cougar on the
Page 261 and 262: Survival and Ages of Cougars Harves
Page 263 and 264: Intra-specific Variation in Cougar
Page 265 and 266: Cougars in British Columbia: Conser
Page 267: Cougar-Induced Vigilance in Ungulat
Page 271 and 272: First Name Last Name Affiliation Ci
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