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279. Meals for Millions Foundation. 1978? Self-help for a hungry world. Santa Monica, California: MFM Foundation. 8 p. Undated. 28 cm. • Summary: The front and back covers of this short report are goldenrod yellow. The back cover is blank. Across the top of the front cover is printed “Meals for Millions Foundation.” In the center is the logo of a plant growing out of mounded soil in a bowl which is half of a globe. Below that: “Self-help for a hungry world”–all in dark brown ink. The 4 pages between the covers are not numbered. The whole is held together by 4 staples. Contents: Introduction. Goal. Approach (“MFM focuses on self-help, to effect beneficial change, as contrasted to a simple transfer of knowledge”). Programs (“MFM has two basic programs which support its development approach. They are: the Applied Nutrition Programs (ANP) and the Food and Nutrition Institute (FNI)”). Food and Nutrition Institute (Training, transfer of technology, resource center). Applied nutrition program (Technical support, material assistance, nutrition education). Program, technical and staff support (no numbers are given). Program criteria and development (“Before making a commitment to a program, MFM considers the following items.” Nine items are given, e.g., “2. Has a request for assistance been received by Meals for Millions?”). Financial support for programs (MFM does not charge for its services. MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDOM FROM HUNGER 120 © Copyright Soyinfo Center 2011 The Foundation, of course, must pay its own staff and operational costs. Funds to cover these costs have traditionally come from these sources: 1. Individual donations {mail solicitations}. 2. Philanthropic foundations, churches, corporations. 3. Service clubs, special activities”). “The usual process followed by MFM for obtaining funds for projects is to develop a strategy between MFM and the institution or group requesting the program support. The funding strategy usually involves preparing a program document which can be submitted to a funding source.” Note: No names of people are mentioned in this document. MFM seems to be struggling to remake itself. In retrospect, the loss of Clifford Clinton (the founder) and Florence Rose (executive director), both in 1969, and the decreasing need for famine relief foods (MPF), seem to have been major blows for MFM that set it adrift, seeking a new direction. Address: Box 680, Santa Monica, California 90406. 280. Bray, Walter J. 1979. The Wonseong County, Korea Project. LEC Report No. 7. p. 107-09. D.E. Wilson, ed. Low-Cost Extrusion Cookers: Second International Workshop Proceedings (Fort Collins, CO: Dept. of Agric. and Chemical Engineering, Colorado State Univ.). Held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. • Summary: In the early 1970s existing extruders presented a number of problems. So “by 1974 Meals for Millions had initiated work on an extruder of its own. “A grant from U.S. AID in the following year made possible comprehensive design and development work, and a prototype unit was ready by 1976. This machine and its later developments are described in the paper by H. Sterner. “At this time the Foundation was active in Korea and Ecuador and was planning to use extrusion cooking in projects in both countries. The potential for this type of cooking seemed particularly high in Ecuador, since the use of soy to enrich foods was a logical extension of an existing project to teach farmers to raise soybeans. “An extruded mixture of soy and rice was developed as the base for a strawberry flavored drink.” Unfortunately the project was terminated in mid-1977.” “Meanwhile, plans were developing for a project in Korea. It was now decided to make and market highlynutritious low-cost extruded foods, starting with snack foods and progressing to weaning foods and powdered food bases. These activities were to be focused on Wonseong County, a rural area about 100 km east of the capital [Seoul], with a specific target of nutritionally at-risk groups, such as infants, young children, pregnant and lactating women–about 10,000 people in all. “The main objective of the project was to find ways to induce the poorer at-risk members of the community to purchase and consume highly nutritious foods.” Three secondary objectives are listed.
“The Wonseong County was from the very beginning a joint effort involving Meals for Millions, the Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), ASI” (a leading market and research firm), and nutritionists from the Korea University and the Korean Government. “I will explain this project and its status by reviewing the work done by each of these groups. Tables show: (1) Composition of snack food products (18% protein; containing 68% corn and 20% defatted soy flour). (2) Product raw material cost ($0.90 per kg). (3) Product selling cost: $2.31 per kg or $0.09 per 40-gm bag– incl. 39% raw materials, 22% manufacturing expenses, 15% administrative expenses, 15% sales expenses (incl. packaging), 10% Value Added Tax (VAT) 9%. Figures show: (1) Flow chart for the production of HN/ LC foods. (2) Organizational chart. Address: PhD, Meals for Millions Foundation, Santa Monica, California. 281. Fillip, Janice. 1979. Refabricated soy protein. Whole Foods (Berkeley, California) 2(1):26-28, 30. Jan. • Summary: Contents: STP, LTD, TVP, QED–Uh, what is it? From soy to flour. Isolating the isolate. Extruding textures. If it’s fab, is it food? A small step for soy, a giant step for proteinkind. Address: California. 282. Hong, Sik Cheigh. 1979. The LEC program in Korea. LEC Report No. 7. p. 115-20. D.E. Wilson, ed. Low-Cost Extrusion Cookers: Second International Workshop Proceedings (Fort Collins, CO: Dept. of Agric. and Chemical Engineering, Colorado State Univ.). Held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. [4 ref] • Summary: Contents: Introduction. The Wonseong County Comprehensive Nutrition Program in Korea. The MFM- KIST extruder. Development of high-nutrition low-cost (HNLC) food with a LEC system for the Wonseong Country program. Partial cooking of rice and corn for a pasta program with the MFM-Kist extruder. Experiments for rice bran stabilization by the extrusion process. Future program. “Extrusion cooking is now practiced widely in the production of snack foods, blended foods, textured vegetable protein and inactivation of enzymes (Crowley, 1976). The Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) has had several years of experience in the development of a high-nutrition low-cost (HNLC) food utilizing barley, soybean and sesame (BSS) and corn, soybean sesame (CSS) compositions through the extrusion process.” The MFM-KIST extruder is 1½ [2½] inch diameter single-screw unit, and the screw has constant pitch. It is driven by a 30-Hp [horsepower] motor whose speed can be changed with a 3-speed gear box. The barrel is divided into three sections without any cooling or heating jacket.” It “is capable of producing 100 kg of product per hour. MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDOM FROM HUNGER 121 © Copyright Soyinfo Center 2011 Tables show: (1) Specification of MFM-KIST Extruder. (2) Trials for test production of proposed formulas with MFM-KIST extruder. (3) Chemical composition of proposed products. (4) Amino acid composition of proposed formulas. (5) Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and adjusted PER of proposed products. The PER ranges from 3.37 to 3.64. The adjusted PER (relative to casein, which has a PER of 2.5) ranges from 2.33 to 2.53. (6) Results of sensory evaluation of products (based on flavor, taste, texture, and color). (7) Effect of extrusion temperature and retention time on moisture content and residual peroxidase [enzyme] activity in extruded rice bran. Figures show: (1) Graph of effect of extrusion temperature on free fatty acid development in rice bran during storage at 30ºC and 87% humidity. (2) Photo of dryer, enrober and packaging machine at KIST. Address: Korea Inst. of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea. 283. Sterner, Hank. 1979. Panel presentation: Characteristics of LEC’s and manufacturing experiences. LEC Report No. 7. p. 163-64. D.E. Wilson, ed. Low-Cost Extrusion Cookers: Second International Workshop Proceedings (Fort Collins, CO: Dept. of Agric. and Chemical Engineering, Colorado State Univ.). Held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. • Summary: “During 1975, while on the staff of Meals for Millions Foundation (MFM), I was assigned to develop a low-cost extruder cooker for the production of structured vegetable protein (SVP). Other imposed design objectives were that the machine could be manufactured and repaired in developing countries. The first was built in MFM’s machine shop which was equipped with a Bridgeport milling machine, an engine lathe and a welder. Automobile parts, available the world over, were used in the power train. The first attempt at dissemination of this technology took place in Korea at the Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST). Performance of this machine is reported in other papers.” An illustration (line drawing) shows AEMC’s Model 303 extrusion cooker with feeder and cut-off. Address: Appropriate Engineering and Manufacturing Co., Corona, California. 284. Wilson, David E. ed. 1979. Low-cost extrusion cookers: Second International Workshop Proceedings. LEC Report No. 7. vii + 288 p. Jan. Illust. 28 cm. Held 15-18 Jan. 1979 at Hotel Kilimanjaro, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Available from: Department of Agricultural and Chemical Engineering, Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins, CO 80523). [100 ref] • Summary: Contains about 34 papers by various authors; at least 19 of these are cited separately. Also contains four sets of opening remarks, numerous discussions, and a directory of workshop participants (45 representatives of 18
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MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDO
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Brief Chronology of Meals for Milli
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hungry and malnourished Brazilians.
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irth control pioneer Margaret Sange
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Clifton’s. 6 AM to Midnight.” O
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tables on the terraces at Clifton
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The meal contains the following mix
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Caltech kitchen palatability became
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had accused Williams of paying $15,
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41. Soybean Digest.1946. Grits and
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available leafy vegetable or fruit
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62. Los Angeles Times.1948. Multi-P
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check. It read: ‘Regardless of th
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“The product was used as an exten
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Note: This is the earliest document
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101. Hendrick, Kimmis. 1955. ‘Mea
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129; Courtesy The Nitragin Co.). (1
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114. Subrahmanyan, V.; Rama Rao, G.
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Last week, with the help of the U.S
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• Summary: Dr. Henry Borsook, pro
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secretary of the Meals for Millions
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“Its policy should not be restric
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142. Photograph of George Washingto
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• Summary: “The world-wide trav
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foods from soyabean: Soyabean milk,
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Page 87 and 88: MFM by two federal departments appe
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Page 91 and 92: California. Mark Sterner is foreman
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Page 97 and 98: 225. Soypro International Inc. 1969
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Page 105 and 106: serious famine from 1968-1970). Sch
Page 107 and 108: later used by the Hunger Project, f
Page 109 and 110: Wheat, 25.1 bu, 180 lb. Milk, 2,780
Page 111 and 112: Box 1666), Santa Monica, California
Page 113 and 114: as a means of selling their soybean
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Page 117 and 118: • Summary: Peter J. Davies is now
Page 119: In 1958 General Mills relieved Gent
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Page 125 and 126: • Summary: Peter J. Davies is pre
Page 127 and 128: previous year. Where the money come
Page 129 and 130: eflected in the food and nutrition
Page 131 and 132: pancake and waffle flour. He then t
Page 133 and 134: When Mark Sterner came in to MFM it
Page 135 and 136: 306. Kuzins, Rebecca. 1984. Cliffor
Page 137 and 138: They may well have received MPF. In
Page 139 and 140: photo-copy of the label we discusse
Page 141 and 142: Unfortunately this effort was not s
Page 143 and 144: INTSOY was conceived by the governm
Page 145 and 146: Note: Harlan H. Hobgood is presiden
Page 147 and 148: “LEC: When did you first become i
Page 149 and 150: Details on how to use the bibliogra
Page 151 and 152: Address: 1644 DaVinci Court, P.O. B
Page 153 and 154: The president’s report (p. 3) beg
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Page 157 and 158: Guidelines (thin, 1969-1978). Quake
Page 159 and 160: • Summary: Christopher Dunford, P
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women in the program had skyrockete
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50% back at Davis. Of their time ov
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SUBJECT/GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX BY RECOR
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Middle Eastern country. Soybeans as
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CSY Agri-Processing, Inc. See Centr
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Fiber, Soy-Bran (Pulverized Soybean
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Isolated soy proteins. See Soy Prot
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Maize. See Corn / Maize Malnutritio
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Obituaries, Eulogies, Death Certifi
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Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum) (Also
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Soybean Crushers (Europe). See Unil
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Tofu, Non-Soy Relatives (Such as Wi
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Wheat Gluten. 106 Whipping or foami
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