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margarine fats and cooking oils. The residue, remaining after the oils were extracted (a meal-cake solid matter) was usually [sic, sometimes] thrown away or fed to domestic animals. “Using this [soybean] meal-cake as his base, Dr. Borsook developed a formula meeting every one of Clifford Clinton’s specifications. This formula, with few variations, is the same employed in the Multi-Purpose Food (MPF) now distributed by the non-profit Meals for Millions Foundation, 1800 Olympic Boulevard, Santa Monica, California.” Continued. 223. Lough, Adine Travis. 1969. The miracle of Meals for Millions (Continued–Part II). Meals for Million Foundation, Santa Monica, California. 3 p. 28 cm. • Summary: Continued: “Incorporated into a one-bowl rice dish, this high-protein food supplement was first introduced at Clifton’s Cafeteria in the mid-1940s. Nelda Clinton worked on the floor of the cafeteria and was soon to report the astonishing repercussions this new food was having on the elderly people who came to be fed. ‘I’m not having colds anymore,’ and ‘I feel stronger.’ “It was then that the Clintons decided they must serve a wider field. ‘We knew some organizations must be formed to attract the interest of influential people who could, in turn help us to reach out to more people.’ “Meals for Millions founded in 1946: The Meals for Millions Foundation had its first ‘headquarters’ in the basement of Clifton’s Cafeteria. Pearl Buck was an early director–(a character based on Clifford Clinton appeared in her best-selling novel ‘God’s Men’). Florence Rose and Ernest Chamberlain (later to serve as executive director and co-director until their retirement in 1964) joined the Clinton’s son, Edmond Jackson Clinton, II, Dr. Borsook, Ransom Callicott and Don Stevens in the original organization. “Eleanor Roosevelt invited the Clintons to her apartment in New York to learn more about this vital food supplement. ‘I remember we all sat on the floor, cooking up a batch of MPF over the flame of a candle,’ Clinton smiled. ‘She was so enthusiastic.’ “Thousands of pounds of MPF were sent to the United Rescue Mission and to missions throughout the world. Dr. Albert Schweitzer told the Clintons when they visited his hospital in Lambarene, Gabon, Africa, ‘The lepers’ sores heal more rapidly after servings of MPF.’ Dr. Tom Dooley at his hospital in Laos, called MPF ‘My third arm.’” Overcoming hunger in the United States is now Meals for Millions’ first priority. “The foundation is actively engaged in programs with Indians, migrant workers, Mexican-Americans and others in poverty areas. In addition, the specialized training in nutrition and food technology available at the Foundation lends a hand up, so MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDOM FROM HUNGER 96 © Copyright Soyinfo Center 2011 that the hungry not only are fed, but can learn how to feed themselves for the rest of their lives.” “Meals for Millions Foundation, Inc.–under the executive directorship of Mark M. Sterner, recipient of the 1968 Eisenhower Distinguished Service Award–is committed to making Clinton’s ‘impossible dream’ come true. A photo (p. 2) shows Mr. and Mrs. Clinton seated side by side. This same photo is in this book with the date 1955. The photo of Clifford Clinton on the cover of this brochure is simply the right half of the photo of Mr. and Mrs. Clinton seated side by side. Note 1. Adine Lough may have been employed as director of public relations by Meals for Millions at the time she wrote this. She is listed as holding this position in the MFM 1970 annual report (published in early 1971). Note 2. The last MPF was made and distributed in 1980 by General Mills. 224. Meals for Millions Foundation. 1969. Annual report 1968. Santa Monica, California: MFM Foundation. 8 p. Typed with signature on letterhead. • Summary: Submitted by I.F. Saunders, Executive Director. Contents: Summary. MFM board and staff. Technical training. Research & development. Multi-purpose food shipments (278,113 lb to 33 countries). Financial condition (Donations in 1968 were $408,000, the highest in MFM’s history. Only 7% of income was used for administration and management, and only 13% for fund raising and public relations). U.S. Projects: California (“Governor Ronald Reagan has readily accepted the title of Honorary Chairman of the Meals for Millions California Chapter.” He has participated in MFM “activities over the past years, and is acquainted with what we are doing and firmly believes in the way we are doing it”), Nevada, Arizona, Mississippi, South Carolina. Overseas Projects: Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Hong Kong, Thailand, India, Ceylon, Pakistan, Iran, Ecuador, Chile, Brazil, Mexico. Remarks. Note 1. This is the earliest document seen (Dec. 2010) which shows that Meals for Millions Foundation was now located at 1800 Olympic Blvd. in Santa Monica–15 miles west of Los Angeles. Actually, MFM moved to this location in 1967. Note 2. This is the earliest annual report seen (Dec. 2010) for Meals for Millions. Chris Dodson of Freedom from Hunger (FFH), who kindly sent this annual report (and almost all subsequent MFM / FFH annual reports) to Soyinfo Center (Dec. 2010), says she can find no evidence of annual reports for 1965, 1966, or 1967 in the FFH archives. Address: 1800 Olympic Boulevard (P.O. Box 1666), Santa Monica, California. Phone: 870-0451.
225. Soypro International Inc. 1969. A study of business prospects in the food industry of India. Cedar Falls, Iowa. iv + 87 p. Summarized as “Soybeans have good future in India” in Soybean Digest. 1969. Dec. p. 28. 28 cm. [20 ref] • Summary: As part of The Canadian Food Advisory Team. For Malwa Economic Development Society (MEDS), Indore (which has expressed an interest in entering some aspect of the food industry in India). Sponsored by United Church of Canada. Contents: Objectives and guidelines. Part I: Food resources and malnutrition. Food grains and pulses. Calories. Proteins: Legumes, oilseeds, milk, fish, poultry, meat. Fats and oils. Areas of food needs: Undernourishment protein malnutrition. Summary and conclusions. Part II: Food marketing. The non-market. Primary factors of the real market. Guidelines for product selection and production. Selling the product. Part III: What is being done. Food ingredients: Grain processing, oilseeds for human nutrition. Consumer products: Protein foods for infants and children, foods for general consumption. Part IV: Prospects for soybean production and soya food processing. Production: Yields, crop input, returns in relation to other crops. Market outlets and prices: Domestic markets for soy products, estimated prices. Soybean processing: Processing plants, storage, transportation, plant investment costs (new plants, converting existing plants to soybean processing). Low fiber meal and soy flour: Investment cost for production, marketing. Full-fat soy flour. Soy protein isolates. Specialty soy foods: Soy milk and related products, soy-based snack foods, cereals, dal. Conclusions. Part V: Potential projects. Storage. Rice milling. Pulse milling. Soybean processing for soy flour, soy protein isolates. Sesame processing. Bread. Baby foods. High protein mixes. Synthetic milk or base for toned milk–related dairy products. Extruded high protein snacks / cereals. Lowcost quick-cooking dal. Food marketing and distribution. List of references. Appendixes. Population of India. Recent production trends and current yields of key crops in India. Rough calculations of gross protein availability from local production in India. This practical, business-oriented report focuses on lowcost high-protein foods designed to help private business meet India’s problems of protein malnutrition, especially among infants and children. “Similarly, with fast rising interest in soybean production and utilization, considerable early attention had been given to this particular field...” In 1965-66, and in 1966-67 India had two devastating drought years. Prior to this, India has experienced four major droughts accompanied by famines since 1900: 1907-08, 1918-19 (the worst, with a 32.3% drop in agricultural MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDOM FROM HUNGER 97 © Copyright Soyinfo Center 2011 output), 1920-21 (the second worst; 24.0% drop), and 1923- 24 (16.6% drop). Pulses, mostly in the form of dal (“the poor man’s meat”) have for many years been second only to food grains as a source of protein in Indian diets. Most pulses are dehulled by hand-powered stone mills at home before cooking, with a wastage of about 10%. However pulses are not keeping pace with the food grains in India’s Green Revolution. Average yields are relatively low and response to fertilizer is low. Per capita consumption is static, or declining. India’s main oilseeds in 1967-68 were (in descending order of output in million metric tons): groundnuts in the shell (5.83), cottonseed (2.00), rapeseed and mustard (1.48), sesame (0.42), and niger seed (0.10). Only groundnut, sesame, and niger also provide significant amounts of protein for humans. Yet after the oil is removed, most of the protein-rich oilseed cakes are used in livestock feeds or fertilizer, or exported; only about 10% of the available protein is used directly in human diets. There is now much interest in using more groundnut protein (as flour or isolate) in human foods; it has been used in toned milk. India’s major source of animal protein is milk (both from water buffaloes and cows), with per capita daily consumption being 123 gm (4.4 oz). Relatively little red meat is consumed in India; many states prohibit slaughter of cows. Goats and water buffaloes are the major sources of meat. According to CFTRI, 39% of Indians are deficient in proteins, and a high proportion of these are infants and children. Per capita availability of oils is 9.3 lb/year. 70 to 75% of all food produced stays on the farm and is consumed directly by the producers. Wheat is the main grain in north India, and rice in south India. About 25% of Indians are vegetarian by conviction, and “75% are now willing to eat animal products, with the latter percentage increasing every year. In practice, diets are still largely vegetarian because of the scarcity and cost of animal products.” Prestige is the single most important marketing factor in part because India is still a highly class-conscious society. The market is highly segmented. Products need to be targeted separately at the top 3 or 4 of the 5 class segments. The high class line should be introduced first. Cheap food or “food for the poor” has little chance of succeeding in commercial channels. Except as food for children, it is very hard to sell food on the basis of its nutritional or health-giving benefits. Sampling is the most effective promotional technique. Several companies produce dried baby foods from milk and sell them in tin cans. In 1968 the biggest seller was Amul (3,500 to 3,800 tons), made by Kaira Dairy Coop. The pioneer commercial weaning food in India was Farex, made by Glaxo and sold in tins at Rs. 13 per kg. Kaira Dairy Coop launched Bal-Amul at Rs. 11 per kg and now produces 1,000 tons/year, expected to grow to 5,000 tons by 1974. Bal-Amul contains about 25% full-fat soy flour, 25%
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MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDO
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Brief Chronology of Meals for Milli
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hungry and malnourished Brazilians.
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irth control pioneer Margaret Sange
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Clifton’s. 6 AM to Midnight.” O
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tables on the terraces at Clifton
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The meal contains the following mix
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Caltech kitchen palatability became
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had accused Williams of paying $15,
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41. Soybean Digest.1946. Grits and
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available leafy vegetable or fruit
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62. Los Angeles Times.1948. Multi-P
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check. It read: ‘Regardless of th
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“The product was used as an exten
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Page 55 and 56: • Summary: Dr. Henry Borsook, pro
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Page 61 and 62: 142. Photograph of George Washingto
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Page 65 and 66: • Summary: “The world-wide trav
Page 67 and 68: foods from soyabean: Soyabean milk,
Page 69 and 70: “The accompanying photo shows Rot
Page 71 and 72: importance is a long continued part
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Page 77 and 78: 189. Chamberlain, Ernest R. 1964. R
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Page 87 and 88: MFM by two federal departments appe
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Page 105 and 106: serious famine from 1968-1970). Sch
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Page 109 and 110: Wheat, 25.1 bu, 180 lb. Milk, 2,780
Page 111 and 112: Box 1666), Santa Monica, California
Page 113 and 114: as a means of selling their soybean
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Page 117 and 118: • Summary: Peter J. Davies is now
Page 119 and 120: In 1958 General Mills relieved Gent
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Page 125 and 126: • Summary: Peter J. Davies is pre
Page 127 and 128: previous year. Where the money come
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Page 131 and 132: pancake and waffle flour. He then t
Page 133 and 134: When Mark Sterner came in to MFM it
Page 135 and 136: 306. Kuzins, Rebecca. 1984. Cliffor
Page 137 and 138: They may well have received MPF. In
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Page 141 and 142: Unfortunately this effort was not s
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Page 145 and 146: Note: Harlan H. Hobgood is presiden
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“LEC: When did you first become i
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Details on how to use the bibliogra
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Address: 1644 DaVinci Court, P.O. B
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The president’s report (p. 3) beg
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Guidelines (thin, 1969-1978). Quake
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• Summary: Christopher Dunford, P
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cover is a brown and white photo of
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Education. It’s been nearly three
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“That same drawer in that same fi
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1994 total estimated population was
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There was scaffolding throughout th
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women in the program had skyrockete
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50% back at Davis. Of their time ov
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SUBJECT/GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX BY RECOR
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Middle Eastern country. Soybeans as
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CSY Agri-Processing, Inc. See Centr
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Fiber, Soy-Bran (Pulverized Soybean
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Isolated soy proteins. See Soy Prot
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Maize. See Corn / Maize Malnutritio
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Obituaries, Eulogies, Death Certifi
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Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum) (Also
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Soybean Crushers (Europe). See Unil
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Tofu, Non-Soy Relatives (Such as Wi
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Wheat Gluten. 106 Whipping or foami
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