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take a certain proportion of animal proteins in his ration... Vegetable proteins are almost always lacking in one or more of the amino acids and therefore called incomplete proteins.’ “This teaching is quite wrong. One doesn’t have to have any animal proteins to be healthy. The mixture of proteins in most vegetables is hardly ever totally devoid of any of the indispensable [essential] amino acids... by mixing two or more vegetable foods with different relative deficiencies the mixture can be nutritionally complete; and this is not difficult to do” (p. 5). Continued. Address: Prof. of Biochemistry, California Inst. of Technology, Research Director, Meals for Millions, 115 W. 7th St., Los Angeles 14, California, U.S.A. 133. Borsook, Henry. 1959. We can at this time provide fairly adequate nutrition for the world. Why isn’t it being done? (Continued–Document Part II). Presented at the Second Annual Inter-American Food Congress, Miami Beach, Florida. June 9. 9 p. • Summary: Continued: Official agriculture likes to use an arable land per capita figure to determine the amount of food available in a country. When this figure is low, “the recommendation usually given is that the land usage and conservation must be improved to afford a diet of meat, dairy products, green and leafy vegetables and fruit,” which is “the most expensive kind of diet for the poorest people.” “A country’s nutritional potential should be and can be measured in terms of the essential nutrients in all forms which it grows, whether they are foods commonly eaten or not.” “Today when the crying need is for more efficient ways to feed the undernourished people, to attempt to increase the protein intake by stepping up livestock production would be wasteful of original calories, very expensive, and it won’t work. This is what the notion of the necessity of animal protein leads to. The following are some estimates of the percentage of vegetable calories fed, recovered as calories in” foods of animal origin: pork 20%, milk 15%, eggs 7%, and beef 4%. “My point is that effective action can be taken now in poor countries on a large scale if we would think in terms of essential nutrients and if we are determined to act. It is unfortunate all around that the posture of official agriculture has been unsympathetic to resorting to chemistry and technology for some of the factors needed in human nutrition. You know what a long struggle it was to legalize margarine. Official agriculture, that is political and bureaucratic agriculture, is concerned primarily with farmers’ income and not primarily with the people’s nutrition. People who hold to this policy–they are in the highest positions–do not like to hear it said, for example, that the important nutrients in milk–protein, calcium and riboflavin–can be obtained at a fraction of the cost when MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDOM FROM HUNGER 58 © Copyright Soyinfo Center 2011 procured separately as such,” rather than from milk. When purchased as vitamins, one can buy “for 5¢ the vitamin A in 7 lbs. of butter, of the vitamin B-1 in 100 lbs. of wheat, of the vitamin C in 4 quarts of orange juice. Agriculture was afraid that people would turn away from the expensive foods–dairy products, meat, fresh vegetables and fruit–if they could get their essential nutrients more cheaply.” But people “eat for pleasure when they can afford to. Agriculture has nothing to fear” (p. 4-5). Dr. Borsook’s most biting comments came, however, when he focused on FAO, WHO, and UNICEF. “What about FAO,... What is it doing? The founders of FAO had high hopes. They thought they could arrange a marriage of health and agriculture. But soon two incompatible viewpoints developed. One wanted a strong food and agriculture organization which could take positive steps, the other wanted only a fact-gathering and advisory agency.” The latter viewpoint eventually prevailed. “But for the first Director-General of the FAO, Lord Boyd Orr, only to advise was not enough. When member governments would not join in a plan ‘to convert human need into effective demand in the markets of the world,’ in a plan for action, he refused to stand for reelection to a second term as Director-General. “The FAO has a Nutrition Division. It is related to the nutrition divisions of two other UN agencies, the World Health Organization, WHO, and the agency especially devoted to children, UNICEF. In my opinion, the nutrition activities of the UN have accomplished the least” (p. 6). As an example, he gave a long account of how a sixmonth old request for UNICEF assistance to build an MPF plant in the Indian State of Madras still awaited a decision from FAO, WHO, and UNICEF. “My second point is that the attitude of the FAO in this matter is unhappily characteristic. It is that of an elderly official in an ancient regime bureaucracy; it is courteous (when not contradicted), it is slow, and it is wrong, in this case, terribly slow and terribly wrong. “I must say here that the Nutrition Division of FAO has done some useful work” to increase crop production, to train nutrition workers, and to sponsor conferences, among other things. “The FAO is handicapped because it can only advise,... But even if all governments were ready to act, which by FAO’s own admission they are not, the FAO would fail because its policies are solely agricultural policies, and the means it recommends are only those obtainable from agriculture and fishery. It won’t use, it does not think of using, industry” (p. 7). “The situation calls for an international agency of a new kind. What is needed is a World Nutrition Agency, a WNA coequal with WHO (World Health Organization) and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). Its doctrine should be that of essential nutrients and that it doesn’t matter where they come from.
“Its policy should not be restricted to advice, and then only when asked for by a government. Its policy should be action, it should find out what is needed and work out ways and means to get better nutrition to the peoples in need quickly. Its policy should be that it will act with government officials when they want help. “When confronted with ‘the bureaucratic habit of obstruction, delay and timidity to stick its neck out, the new agency should by-pass government.” And when “confronted by bureaucratic scientists, it should by-pass them and turn to the scientists who are not bureaucrats, who, having the facts, want to act on them. The new agency should seek out all who are willing and can help:...” Lord Boyd-Orr lamented that: “‘Governments are prepared to unite men and resources for a world war but the Great Powers are not prepared to unite to banish hunger and poverty from the world... People ask for bread and we give them pamphlets’” (p. 8). “With this suggestion for the creation of a new international agency, whose doctrine, policy, and tactics would bear a striking similarity to those of Meals for Millions, the father of MPF ended his bluntly worded speech to the Second Annual Inter-American Food Congress” (Roberts 1967, p. 187). “Predictably, given Dr. Borsook’s association with Meals for Millions and his espousal of MPF, the Foundation [MFM] soon became the target of the anger which the Research Director’s harsh and public criticism of FAO, WHO, and UNICEF inevitably aroused among UN officials” (Roberts 1967, p. 187). The next 9 pages of Roberts’ PhD thesis discuss the fallout from this speech, with mention of Fred Hafner, Dr. Richard Hayward, Dr. Sebrell, Dr. Van Veen, Dr. Max Miler, Mr. Louis H. Bean, Dr. Sabin, Dr. Donald F. Ebright. From June 1959 onwards “UNICEF have not shown the slightest desire to cooperate with MFM or to support the overseas production of MPF.” “MFM resented UNICEF’s refusal to publicly acknowledge the existence of MPF”–when they acknowledged and encouraged Saridele in Indonesia and Incaparina in Central America (Roberts 1967, p. 188-91). Note: A mimeograph copy of this speech is at the Meals for Millions archives at Special Collections at UCLA (Los Angeles), Collection No. 1107, Box 32, Notebook No. 3. Address: Prof. of Biochemistry, California Inst. of Technology, Research Director, Meals for Millions, 115 W. 7th St., Los Angeles 14, California, U.S.A. 134. Hafner, Fred H. 1959. Sees important role for soy in India. Soybean Digest. July. p. 28-29. • Summary: Toasted soy protein is seen as a promising food for India. No mention is made of Meals for Millions or its Multi-Purpose Food. MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDOM FROM HUNGER 59 © Copyright Soyinfo Center 2011 135. Hilgenstuhler, T. 1959. L.A. man’s friendship food saves starving millions. Los Angeles Herald & Express. Aug. 17. p. A-10+. Monday. • Summary: About Meals for Millions. Address: Los Angeles, California. 136. Wall Street Journal.1959. General Mills plans to make low-cost “multi-purpose” food Oct. 14. • Summary: On Dec. 1 General Mills plans to begin manufacture and sale of multi-purpose food, a soy-based product aimed at providing low-cost nutrition. Note: This is the earliest document seen (Sept. 2010) showing an association between General Mills and Multi- Purpose Food (or Meals for Millions). General Mills started making Textured Soy Protein (TSP), the main ingredient in Multi-Purpose Food in about Dec. 1957 (see article in Soybean Digest, Dec. 1957, p. 23). 137. Chemurgic Digest.1959. Multi-purpose food. Oct. p. 3. • Summary: “According to Wall Street Journal, General Mills Inc., has said it will begin manufacture and sale December 1 of a soybean product called ‘multi-purpose’ food, aimed at providing low cost nutrition.” The firm, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, “said the granular food product will sell at wholesale for about 2½ cents for a twoounce serving. One such serving provides one-third of all daily protein, vitamin and mineral requirements, the company said... “Sales to foreign countries will be made through a nonprofit group, Meals for Millions Foundation, Inc., of Los Angeles. The foundation has distributed more than 100 million such meals abroad since 1946, the company said. The product was developed by Dr. Henry Borsook of the California Institute of Technology. It can be prepared by adding boiling water and a seasoning.” 138. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series.1959. Report of the FAO/UNICEF Regional School Feeding Seminar for Asia and the Far East. No. 22. 53 p. Held 10-19 Nov. 1958 at Tokyo, Japan. [5 soy ref] • Summary: UNICEF stands for the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. Appendix 3 (p. 48-51) titled “Data on some nutritious food products that have been developed in Asia and the Far East,” discusses Saridele, groundnut extract curd [tofu made from peanut milk], Indian Multipurpose Food (MPF, developed by CFTRI), miso, natto, and tempeh. “‘Saridele’ is the name that has been given to a spraydried soybean extract combined with an extract of sesame, or peanut, with or without the addition of malt. Vitamins and calcium are added to saridele in order to make its nutritive value similar to that of cow’s milk or to enhance its nutritive value. Flavorings such as vanilla or chocolate are also used, which make the product highly acceptable.
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MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDO
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Page 7 and 8: Brief Chronology of Meals for Milli
Page 9 and 10: hungry and malnourished Brazilians.
Page 11 and 12: MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDO
Page 17 and 18: irth control pioneer Margaret Sange
Page 19 and 20: Clifton’s. 6 AM to Midnight.” O
Page 21 and 22: tables on the terraces at Clifton
Page 25 and 26: The meal contains the following mix
Page 27 and 28: Caltech kitchen palatability became
Page 29 and 30: had accused Williams of paying $15,
Page 31 and 32: 41. Soybean Digest.1946. Grits and
Page 33 and 34: available leafy vegetable or fruit
Page 37 and 38: 62. Los Angeles Times.1948. Multi-P
Page 41 and 42: check. It read: ‘Regardless of th
Page 43 and 44: “The product was used as an exten
Page 45 and 46: Note: This is the earliest document
Page 47 and 48: 101. Hendrick, Kimmis. 1955. ‘Mea
Page 49 and 50: 129; Courtesy The Nitragin Co.). (1
Page 51 and 52: 114. Subrahmanyan, V.; Rama Rao, G.
Page 53 and 54: Last week, with the help of the U.S
Page 55 and 56: • Summary: Dr. Henry Borsook, pro
Page 57: secretary of the Meals for Millions
Page 61 and 62: 142. Photograph of George Washingto
Page 65 and 66: • Summary: “The world-wide trav
Page 67 and 68: foods from soyabean: Soyabean milk,
Page 69 and 70: “The accompanying photo shows Rot
Page 71 and 72: importance is a long continued part
Page 73 and 74: (Multipurpose Food) is likely to be
Page 75 and 76: Meals for Millions.” 181. Flumerf
Page 77 and 78: 189. Chamberlain, Ernest R. 1964. R
Page 79 and 80: Springs Conference held by forty-fo
Page 81 and 82: exist for such a book about this ve
Page 83 and 84: also found itself in danger of coll
Page 85 and 86: nutritional value, and (4) communic
Page 87 and 88: MFM by two federal departments appe
Page 89 and 90: Then, unknown to MFM’s staff, “
Page 91 and 92: California. Mark Sterner is foreman
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Page 95 and 96: Millions Foundation symbolizes the
Page 97 and 98: 225. Soypro International Inc. 1969
Page 99 and 100: “The first Clifton’s cafeteria
Page 101 and 102: intellectual and spiritual satisfac
Page 103 and 104: qualified (by personal participatio
Page 105 and 106: serious famine from 1968-1970). Sch
Page 107 and 108: later used by the Hunger Project, f
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Wheat, 25.1 bu, 180 lb. Milk, 2,780
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Box 1666), Santa Monica, California
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as a means of selling their soybean
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• Summary: Peter J. Davies is now
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In 1958 General Mills relieved Gent
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“The Wonseong County was from the
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eginning of that story is really ab
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• Summary: Peter J. Davies is pre
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previous year. Where the money come
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eflected in the food and nutrition
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pancake and waffle flour. He then t
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When Mark Sterner came in to MFM it
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306. Kuzins, Rebecca. 1984. Cliffor
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They may well have received MPF. In
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photo-copy of the label we discusse
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Unfortunately this effort was not s
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INTSOY was conceived by the governm
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Note: Harlan H. Hobgood is presiden
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“LEC: When did you first become i
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Details on how to use the bibliogra
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Address: 1644 DaVinci Court, P.O. B
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The president’s report (p. 3) beg
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Guidelines (thin, 1969-1978). Quake
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• Summary: Christopher Dunford, P
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cover is a brown and white photo of
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Education. It’s been nearly three
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“That same drawer in that same fi
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1994 total estimated population was
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There was scaffolding throughout th
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women in the program had skyrockete
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50% back at Davis. Of their time ov
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SUBJECT/GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX BY RECOR
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Middle Eastern country. Soybeans as
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CSY Agri-Processing, Inc. See Centr
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Fiber, Soy-Bran (Pulverized Soybean
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Isolated soy proteins. See Soy Prot
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Maize. See Corn / Maize Malnutritio
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Obituaries, Eulogies, Death Certifi
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Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum) (Also
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Soybean Crushers (Europe). See Unil
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Tofu, Non-Soy Relatives (Such as Wi
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Wheat Gluten. 106 Whipping or foami
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