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President, is from Farmers Union Grain Terminal Association (FUGTA). (2) The American Freedom From Hunger Foundation, Inc., divided into officers, executive committee, and board of trustees (incl. Dwayne Andreas). (3) American Council of Voluntary Agencies for Foreign Service, Inc. (4) United States trade groups cooperating in foreign market development (incl. Soybean Council of America, and American Soybean Association). Address: Senator, South Dakota. 193. Phadnis, Leela. 1964. The effect of rice on the biological value of American Multi-Purpose Food. PhD thesis, Kansas State University. 115 leaves. 28 cm. * • Summary: This is the first PhD thesis published about Multi-Purpose Food. Address: Kansas. 194. Meals for Millions Foundation. 1965. Feasibility of a high protein food processing plant in Khuzistan, Iran. Los Angeles, California. Mimeographed. * 195. Balu, V.; Bhutiani, R.C. 1965? Indian multi purpose food: Recipes. Mysore City, India: Central Food Technological Research Institute. 37 p. Illust. 12 cm. * Address: Mysore, India. 196. Meals for Millions Foundation. 1965? Food for Freedom Program, 1954-1964. Los Angeles, California. 10 p. Undated. 35 cm. • Summary: Contents: Total receipts to June 30, 1964– $121,548. 3¢ meals represented–4,051,613. Approximate number of share-banks set up. Highest yearly total in receipts–$21,604. Average per year–$12,150. Receipts from Junior Woman’s Clubs. Approximate cost of 10-year program–$48,000 (30% of receipts). Number of markets having share-banks–138. Largest returns from single restaurant organizations–Clifton Cafeterias was by far the largest, $36,495. History of Food for Freedom (FFF), incl. Florence Rose, Southern California Restaurant Association (SCRA), National Restaurant Association (NRA), the Junior Woman’s Clubs. Since 1954 share-banks have been set up in the following cities, towns, large suburbs (mostly in southern California). Questions raised to committee [of NRA] during investigation. Address: Los Angeles, California. 197. Haskin. 1966. Questions: Rodeo Rider school opened. Hartford Courant. March 19. p. 11. • Summary: Food–Question: What is the address of the foundation which distributes three-cent meals made from soybeans?–L.D. “Answer: Meals for Millions Foundation, Inc., is at 215 West Seventh St., Los Angeles, Calif. 90014. Millions of MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDOM FROM HUNGER 80 © Copyright Soyinfo Center 2011 meals of the soybean food product, Multi-Purpose Food, have been distributed throughout the world by this nonsectarian, nonprofit organization.” Note: If this address is correct, Meals for Millions has moved from 115 West Seventh St. 198. Los Angeles Times.1966. Meals for Millions to move to S.M. [Santa Monica]. April 10. p. WS4. 199. Swaminathan, M. 1966. The use of soyabean and its products in feeding infants and in the prevention of protein malnutrition in weaned infants and pre-school children in developing countries. Indian J. of Nutrition and Dietetics 3(4):138-50. Oct. [63 ref] • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Chemical composition: Carbohydrates, fat, minerals, vitamins, proteins. Factory affecting the nutritive value of soya proteins: Trypsin and growth inhibitors, heat processing, other factors. Nutritive value of soya proteins (with or without methionine supplementation): Experiments with animals, experiments with human beings, supplementary value to other food proteins. Processed foods from soyabean for feeding infants and preschool children: Milk substitutes and infant foods, processed protein foods based on soya (soya flour, Multipurpose Food or MPF, soup powder). Foods based on soyabean and other oilseed meals: Precooked roller dried foods, extrusion-cooked full-fat soybean flour. Other soya products (soy protein isolate, tofu, natto, miso, tempeh, soy sauce). Conclusion. Address: Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, India. 200. Parpia, H.A.B.; Subramanian, N. 1966. Plant protein foods in India. Advances in Chemistry Series No. 57. p. 112-32. Chap. 9. World Protein Resources. [16 ref] • Summary: The emphasis is on peanut proteins, including peanut protein isolate, milk substitutes, spray-dried infant foods, etc. Soy protein is mentioned only briefly (p. 118). Address: Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, India. 201. Roberts, Hibbert Rice. 1967. The Meals for Millions Foundation: a study of a non-governmental organization. PhD thesis in Political Science, University of Washington. 288 leaves. Approved March 14. 28 cm. [53 + 100+ footnotes] • Summary: An excellent, very insightful work. Probably the best, most objective, most complete study ever done of the Meals for Millions Foundation, Inc., a U.S. charity that provided food. This is the 2nd PhD thesis published about Multi-Purpose Food. Hibbert Rice Roberts was born in 1931. Note: Unfortunately, no biography of Clifford E. Clinton has ever been written. Abundant archival materials
exist for such a book about this very interesting and important man. Contents: List of tables (4 tables). 1. Introduction. 2. Multi-Purpose Food and the origins of the Meals for Millions Foundation. 3. Meals for Millions: Constitutional development and internal structure. 4. Conflict and cooperation within the United States. 5. HMF and the United States government. 6. Meals for Millions and the United Nations Children’s Fund [UNICEF]. 7. Meals for Millions overseas. 8. New leadership and new policies. 9. Conclusion. Bibliography. Introduction: This is a study of an international nongovernmental organization (NGO). Although there are thousands of NGOs that operate internationally, they have captured the attention of only relatively few scholars. “NGO’s represent the ‘unofficial side of world affairs’ in counter-distinction to the official government side reflected by such intergovernmental organizations (IGO’s as the United Nations, the Organization of American States, and the European Economic Community).” The United Nations and its specialized agencies have, since 1945, concluded a host of “consultative agreements” (as provided in Article 71 of the UN charter); the United Nations has concluded such agreements with 297 NGO’s, UNICEF with 57, FAO with 40, and WHO with 46. Lyman C. White, in his book on “International Non- Governmental Organizations:... (1951, p. 10), observes that they are frequently “pioneers–the first to recognize a need, the first to do something about it, either in study and research or in a program of action.” “In brief, MFM is a small non-profit organization founded to provide famine relief and to promote a scientific approach to the prevention of starvation. The Foundation pursues its first objective by distributing an American produced, low-cost, soybean protein food, Multi-Purpose Food (MPF), in countries whose people suffer from chronic malnutrition or undernourishment... MFM works toward its second and infinitely more difficult goal by attempting to stimulate the formulation and production of MPF or MPFtype foods in foreign countries” (p. 3-4). Walter H. Pawley of FAO’s Freedom from Hunger Campaign wrote in 1963, “up to half the population of the world continues to suffer from under-nutrition and malnutrition in varying degrees” (p. 4). “MFM’s efforts to combat starvation fit into the much broader struggle by the majority of the worlds population to secure a decent standard of living.” “Two research considerations also made Meals for Millions an attractive subject for a study of an NGO. First... [it] has numerous contacts with the representatives of governmental, non-governmental, and intergovernmental organizations as well as citizens of over one hundred countries... Secondly, the officers of Meals for Millions agreed to make available all their records and MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDOM FROM HUNGER 81 © Copyright Soyinfo Center 2011 correspondence including that of a confidential nature. This commitment, which was more than fulfilled during the summer of 1962, permitted the writer to review the multitudinous correspondence, reports, transcripts and notes of interviews,... and financial records kept of file at the Los Angeles headquarters of the Foundation. Key officers of the Foundation including its president, one of its vice presidents, its research director, its executive director, its codirector and secretary plus important members of the staff made themselves available for at least one and frequently more interviews. The writer was also permitted to observe the day-to-day operations of the headquarters office, attend staff meetings, listen to an executive council session, and become fairly well-acquainted with the ‘tone’ of the Foundation” (p. 6). Chapter 2, “Multi-Purpose Food and the origins of the Meals for Millions Foundation, begins (p. 8): “Meals for Millions Foundation was incorporated in the State of California on 5 July 1946 because the aspirations of its President, Clifford E. Clinton, became linked to the existence of the vegetable protein food supplement, Multi- Purpose Food.” There follows the story of Mr. Clinton’s life and work. When he moved to Los Angeles to establish a restaurant, he “decided to apply a principle of ‘practical Christianity’ and never to refuse a meal to a person who could not pay for it. Since the [Great] depression was beginning to gain momentum, there were many residents of Los Angeles who fitted into this category. Indeed, during the first sixty days of business Clinton’s restaurant served nearly 10,000 who could not pay for their food. This number far exceeded that of paying customers and obviously presented a challenge to Clinton’s ideal. However, Clinton believed that if the ideal were valid then there had to be a way of achieving it. Working on this assumption, Clinton went to the various concerns that supplied his restaurant and asked them to sell their food to him at cost. The food suppliers, who had plenty of food but no buyers, agreed to Mr. Clinton’s request. Many of them, in fact, exceeded their initial promise by giving Clinton quantities of food they could not sell. Clinton then set up a basement cafeteria where each item of food could be purchased for one cent. Volunteers helped serve the food, the local musicians’ union supplied an orchestra of unemployed musicians free of charge to provide entertainment, and artists donated their talents to decorate the cafeteria. Next he sold tickets for a penny a piece to regular paying customers who when asked for a meal by someone on the street would give them a few tickets with directions... to Clifton’s cafeteria. Mr. Clinton continued this system of relief throughout most of World War II” (p. 8-9). “With the entry of the United States into World War II, Clinton [now age 42] set aside plans for expansion in order to enlist in the army. But he soon received an honorable
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MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDO
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Brief Chronology of Meals for Milli
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hungry and malnourished Brazilians.
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irth control pioneer Margaret Sange
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Clifton’s. 6 AM to Midnight.” O
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tables on the terraces at Clifton
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The meal contains the following mix
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Caltech kitchen palatability became
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Page 31 and 32: 41. Soybean Digest.1946. Grits and
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Page 37 and 38: 62. Los Angeles Times.1948. Multi-P
Page 41 and 42: check. It read: ‘Regardless of th
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Page 45 and 46: Note: This is the earliest document
Page 47 and 48: 101. Hendrick, Kimmis. 1955. ‘Mea
Page 49 and 50: 129; Courtesy The Nitragin Co.). (1
Page 51 and 52: 114. Subrahmanyan, V.; Rama Rao, G.
Page 53 and 54: Last week, with the help of the U.S
Page 55 and 56: • Summary: Dr. Henry Borsook, pro
Page 57 and 58: secretary of the Meals for Millions
Page 59 and 60: “Its policy should not be restric
Page 61 and 62: 142. Photograph of George Washingto
Page 65 and 66: • Summary: “The world-wide trav
Page 67 and 68: foods from soyabean: Soyabean milk,
Page 69 and 70: “The accompanying photo shows Rot
Page 71 and 72: importance is a long continued part
Page 73 and 74: (Multipurpose Food) is likely to be
Page 75 and 76: Meals for Millions.” 181. Flumerf
Page 77 and 78: 189. Chamberlain, Ernest R. 1964. R
Page 79: Springs Conference held by forty-fo
Page 83 and 84: also found itself in danger of coll
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Page 87 and 88: MFM by two federal departments appe
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Page 91 and 92: California. Mark Sterner is foreman
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Page 97 and 98: 225. Soypro International Inc. 1969
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Page 105 and 106: serious famine from 1968-1970). Sch
Page 107 and 108: later used by the Hunger Project, f
Page 109 and 110: Wheat, 25.1 bu, 180 lb. Milk, 2,780
Page 111 and 112: Box 1666), Santa Monica, California
Page 113 and 114: as a means of selling their soybean
Page 117 and 118: • Summary: Peter J. Davies is now
Page 119 and 120: In 1958 General Mills relieved Gent
Page 121 and 122: “The Wonseong County was from the
Page 123 and 124: eginning of that story is really ab
Page 125 and 126: • Summary: Peter J. Davies is pre
Page 127 and 128: previous year. Where the money come
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pancake and waffle flour. He then t
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When Mark Sterner came in to MFM it
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306. Kuzins, Rebecca. 1984. Cliffor
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They may well have received MPF. In
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photo-copy of the label we discusse
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Unfortunately this effort was not s
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INTSOY was conceived by the governm
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Note: Harlan H. Hobgood is presiden
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“LEC: When did you first become i
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Details on how to use the bibliogra
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Address: 1644 DaVinci Court, P.O. B
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The president’s report (p. 3) beg
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Guidelines (thin, 1969-1978). Quake
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• Summary: Christopher Dunford, P
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cover is a brown and white photo of
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Education. It’s been nearly three
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“That same drawer in that same fi
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1994 total estimated population was
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There was scaffolding throughout th
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women in the program had skyrockete
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50% back at Davis. Of their time ov
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SUBJECT/GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX BY RECOR
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Middle Eastern country. Soybeans as
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CSY Agri-Processing, Inc. See Centr
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Fiber, Soy-Bran (Pulverized Soybean
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Isolated soy proteins. See Soy Prot
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Maize. See Corn / Maize Malnutritio
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Obituaries, Eulogies, Death Certifi
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Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum) (Also
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Soybean Crushers (Europe). See Unil
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Tofu, Non-Soy Relatives (Such as Wi
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Wheat Gluten. 106 Whipping or foami
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