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information call Mrs. Clinton in Los Angeles at 213-663- 3838. Mark Sterner might know the history best. Or try Borsook: 805-682-1006. MFM / FFHF moved to Davis in Sept. 1982, then moved into a new million dollar building in Feb. 1983. They chose Davis primarily for its university which had an interest in nutrition, food science and technology, and agriculture. They have a mutual exchange with the university. They help foreign students prepare for work overseas; it is an innovative community. They no longer distribute MPF (multi-purpose food); CSM (Corn-Soy-Milk), introduced in Sept. 1966 by USDA’s Food for Peace Program (P.L. 480) made it unnecessary. They moved away from Santa Monica since they were no longer as heavily involved with food technology. The Santa Monica facility was set up for food processing and teaching–mostly foreign students. Their main work now is “applied nutrition” abroad–a wholistic program including nutrition education. They started their first applied nutrition program in Honduras in 1978–at one stage they were making foods outside the USA. Much of this work was based on the work of Michael Latham at Cornell and on FAO; in the 1960s they defined “applied nutrition.” They do integrated rural development programs, community development, etc. Nutrition is their primary interest and focus, and they have applied this to Honduras. They are no longer doing much work with soy, although they planted a little in Ecuador. Lou Ziskin is Latin American director. Talk with him. MFM’s push to grow soybeans was in the early 1970s. Peter Davies, who is now president of the Foundation, came in May 1976. The main countries where they now work are described in the recent MFM annual report. The work with soy is most active in Korea. The budget is now close to $2 million. Most of it (36%) is from the general public, generated through mailings. 25.7% of their income is from USAID; most of the rest (27%) is from foundations and corporations. Churches give 9%. MFM is now also doing radio ads. The New York office does mailings. Address: Director of Public Education, Western Office: 1644 DaVinci Court, P.O. Box 2000, Davis, California 95617. Phone: (916) 758-6200. 300. Sterner, Mark H. 1983. Work with Meals for Millions Foundation, 1966-1973 (Interview). Conducted by William Shurtleff of Soyfoods Center, Dec. 20. 2 p. typed transcript. • Summary: Mark Sterner joined MFM in 1966. He initiated technology transfer, moving away from distribution of MPF. He was executive director in 1972 and 1973. Florence Rose was the executive director of MFM for roughly 20 years, from the inception until just before Sterner arrived–when she retired. In 1965 the Board decided MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDOM FROM HUNGER 132 © Copyright Soyinfo Center 2011 to wind down distribution and to focus on technology transfer. The first MPF was made by Gentry Foods, a food dehydrating company. General Foods began to make and market multi-purpose food on 1 Dec. 1959; before that it had been made by Gentry Foods in the Los Angeles area. The formula was changed when General Foods started making MPF. The peak year for MPF distribution was about 1965; roughly 60 to 100 tons were made and distributed each year at that time. It was never an impressive amount when measured by weight. 2,000 tons would be 100 tons a year for 20 years. The U.S. government said the amount of MPF distributed was “fairly small.” After about 1955, most of it was sent to missionaries and the like who operated soup kitchens, hospitals, etc. They used it properly and it was well accepted as a protein fortifier. Virtually all of it was sent in sealed #10 cans. General Mills continued to make MPF until it stopped being distributed in about 1980. Florence Rose tried to get USAID to distribute MPF but they were not interested. Incaparina was the first cereal-soy blend. Mark’s most significant accomplishment was the development of an extruder or extrusion cooker that could be built and used in less developed countries. Most such countries could not afford to purchase one of these from the USA. He made design changes, such as interrupting the flights. Later a number of these changes he made were adopted by other manufacturers of extruders. About six of the MFM extruders designed by Mark went into the field, two in Korea and 1 each in Thailand, Puerto Rico, and Africa. Mark will be with Hank Sterner until about May; he would love to look over the draft manuscript on the history of MFM. Mark left MFM in a situation he was not happy with; he has not kept track of it afterwards. It’s a “heritage room” history. Before he arrived, MFM had a certain air about it (little credibility) that it was run by “that woman who was in menopause.” The same woman was executive director for the first 20 years; she had no endowment funds. Clifford Clinton apparently funded it for the first two years and provided it with office space above one of his restaurants. It was a private foundation, publicly funded. Then the Board disowned Clinton, but amends were made in about 1972. “Florence Rose was kind of laughed at. She trotted around the world with a carpet bag full of Meals for Millions literature, elbowed her way in to see heads of governments and top officials, and encouraged them to work with her” (and MFM). She had much the same presentation and reputation in Washington, DC. People hated to see her come around. So MPF and MFM, primarily because of her personality, found little favor with the government. She died in 1969.
When Mark Sterner came in to MFM it took on a whole new tone. It became reputable internationally, professional, listened to, welcomed by cereal chemists and with credibility in Washington, DC, as with Rod Crowley’s office and with USAID. MFM was getting $1.3 million a year for a few years (1972-1973) before he left. This funding indicated real confidence and it made a big difference in operations. Plus, MFM got additional money to construct a laboratory and classrooms in Santa Monica. Address: Formerly technical advisor and executive director, Meals for Millions Foundation, Norco, California 91760. 301. Widner, Patrick T. 1983. Re: Printed materials concerning Meals for Millions / Freedom from Hunger Foundation. Letter to William Shurtleff at Soyfoods Center, Dec. 21. 1 p. Typed, with signature on letterhead. • Summary: “Dear Bill, As a follow-up to our telephone conversation I have enclosed a number of printed materials which you will find helpful in writing your History of Soya Bean and Soy Food.” The first is a 1969 interview with Clifford Clinton and his wife Nelda. The second was written by Adine Travis Lough. Also the 1982 Annual Report. Note: The distinctive letterhead is printed with brown ink on beige paper. Across the bottom are the addresses of the Western Office and the Eastern Office (815 Second Ave., Suite 1001, New York City). Down the left side are the name of the President (Peter J. Davies), Honorary trustees, members of the Board of Trustees, and members of the National Committee of Sponsors. In the upper left corner is the Foundation logo of a plant growing out of mounded soil in a bowl which is half of a globe. To the right of that: “Self-help for a hungry world.” Address: Director of Public Education, Western Office: 1644 DaVinci Court, P.O. Box 2000, Davis, California 95617. Phone: (916) 758-6200. 302. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1983. History of soy flour, grits, flakes, and cereal-soy blends. Soyfoods Center, P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, CA 94549. 128 p. Dec. 24. Unpublished typescript. • Summary: A comprehensive history of the subject. Contents: Part I: What are soy flour, grits, flakes, and cereal-soy blends? Introduction: Developed in the West, difference from roasted soy flour. Soy flour. Soy grits and flakes. Cereal-soy blends = soy-fortified blended foods. Etymology and nomenclature: German, French, U.S. English, U.S. whole soy flour, British English. Overview of world soy flour history. Part II: History of soy flour, grits, and cereal-soy blends in Europe and Australia. The early years (1767 to 1899). 1900 to 1919. Between two wars (1920-1939). 1940-1959. 1960 to 1983. Part III: History of soy flour, grits, flakes, and cerealsoy blends in the USA. The early years (1767-1919). 1920 MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDOM FROM HUNGER 133 © Copyright Soyinfo Center 2011 to 1939. The 1940’s and World War II. Meals for Millions and multi-purpose food. 1960 to 1980’s. Food for Peace Program. Low-cost extrusion cookers. Soy flour, grits, and flakes in America. Part IV: History of soy flour, grits, and cereal-soy blends in Canada. Part V: History of soy flour, grits and cereal-soy blends in Asia. Introduction. Bangladesh. China. India. Indonesia. Japan. Korea. Philippines. Sri Lanka (Thriposha). Taiwan. Thailand. Vietnam. Part VI: History of soy flour, grits, and cereal-soy blends in Latin America. Introduction. Bolivia. Brazil. Chile. Colombia. Costa Rica. Ecuador. Guatemala. Guyana. Mexico. Paraguay. Peru. Venezuela. Part VII: History of soy flour, grits, and cereal-soy blends in Africa. Introduction. Ethiopia. Ghana. Kenya. Nigeria. Rwanda and Burundi. South Africa. Tanzania. Uganda. Zimbabwe. Part VIII: History of soy flour, grits and cereal-soy blends in the Middle East. Note: This is the earliest English-language document seen (July 2003) with the term “cereal-soy blends” in the title. Address: Lafayette, California. Phone: 415-283-2991. 303. Swaminathan, Mahadeva. 1983. Oilseed and nut proteins. In: Miloslav Rechcigl, ed. 1983. CRC Handbook of Nutritional Supplements. Vol. I. Human Use. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 564 p. See p. 3-27. [147* ref] • Summary: Contents: Introduction. Production: Soybeans, cottonseed, sesame seed, copra, sunflower seed. The chemical composition and nutritive value of the proteins of certain oilseeds and nuts: Chemical composition, essential amino acid composition and nutritive value of proteins, amino acid supplementation of the proteins of oilseeds and nuts. Deleterious constituents present in oilseeds and legumes. Effect of processing on the nutritive value. Processed foods based on oilseeds and their meals: Preparation of edible meals, protein isolates from oilseeds and nuts. Infant foods and milk substitutes from oilseeds and nuts: Infant foods and milk substitutes from soybeans (soy milk, dried soybean milk, large-scale production), nutritive value of soybean milk and soybean milk proteins (animal experiments, treatment of protein malnutrition in children), feeding experiments with infants and children, milk substitutes and infant foods from peanut, nutritive value of peanut milk and its proteins, feeding trials with infants and children, coconut milk and products based on coconut milk. Milk substitutes based on other nuts and oilseeds: Almond milk, cashewnut milk. Protein foods based on oilseed meals and isolates: Supplements based on soybean meal, on peanut meal, on cottonseed flour, on sesame flour, on coconut meal, on sunflower seed meal. Other processed products based on oilseeds and nuts and their meals: Products based on peanut and peanut flour,
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MEALS FOR MILLIONS, SOY, AND FREEDO
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Brief Chronology of Meals for Milli
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hungry and malnourished Brazilians.
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irth control pioneer Margaret Sange
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Clifton’s. 6 AM to Midnight.” O
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tables on the terraces at Clifton
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The meal contains the following mix
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Caltech kitchen palatability became
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had accused Williams of paying $15,
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41. Soybean Digest.1946. Grits and
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available leafy vegetable or fruit
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62. Los Angeles Times.1948. Multi-P
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check. It read: ‘Regardless of th
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“The product was used as an exten
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Note: This is the earliest document
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101. Hendrick, Kimmis. 1955. ‘Mea
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129; Courtesy The Nitragin Co.). (1
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114. Subrahmanyan, V.; Rama Rao, G.
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Last week, with the help of the U.S
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• Summary: Dr. Henry Borsook, pro
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secretary of the Meals for Millions
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“Its policy should not be restric
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142. Photograph of George Washingto
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• Summary: “The world-wide trav
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foods from soyabean: Soyabean milk,
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“The accompanying photo shows Rot
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importance is a long continued part
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(Multipurpose Food) is likely to be
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Meals for Millions.” 181. Flumerf
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189. Chamberlain, Ernest R. 1964. R
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Springs Conference held by forty-fo
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Page 97 and 98: 225. Soypro International Inc. 1969
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Page 105 and 106: serious famine from 1968-1970). Sch
Page 107 and 108: later used by the Hunger Project, f
Page 109 and 110: Wheat, 25.1 bu, 180 lb. Milk, 2,780
Page 111 and 112: Box 1666), Santa Monica, California
Page 113 and 114: as a means of selling their soybean
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Page 117 and 118: • Summary: Peter J. Davies is now
Page 119 and 120: In 1958 General Mills relieved Gent
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Page 125 and 126: • Summary: Peter J. Davies is pre
Page 127 and 128: previous year. Where the money come
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Page 135 and 136: 306. Kuzins, Rebecca. 1984. Cliffor
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Page 145 and 146: Note: Harlan H. Hobgood is presiden
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Page 159 and 160: • Summary: Christopher Dunford, P
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Isolated soy proteins. See Soy Prot
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Maize. See Corn / Maize Malnutritio
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Obituaries, Eulogies, Death Certifi
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Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum) (Also
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Soybean Crushers (Europe). See Unil
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Tofu, Non-Soy Relatives (Such as Wi
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Wheat Gluten. 106 Whipping or foami
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