Poverty Dimensions of Public Governance and Forest Management ...

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Annex 1: 12 Hiring 3.8% 5.7% 1.8% 12.0% 4.0% Sharecropping 2.9% 1.8% 8.0% 2.3% Taungya 20.0% 2.8% forest reserve encroachment 4.0% .6% Family & use 2.9% 4.0% 1.1% Family & hiring 5.7% 1.1% Hire & use 2.9% .6% in-laws & hire 2.9% .6% Community and family 4.5% 3.5% 1.7% Family and in-laws 8.3% .6% use & taungya 4.0% .6% Taungya & sharecropping 4.0% .6% The main form of access to land for the majority of farmers in the Brong Ahafo transition zone is through the allocation of family land by close kin (see table 1.3 and figure 1.1) Around 50 percent of farmers in all zones gain land through family relations. In the northern transition zone settlements, farmers can also gain access to uncultivated community/stool land. As long as they are citizens of the settlement that claims ownership of the land, they can cultivate any land that is not being utilised by other farmers in cropping-fallowing cycles. Twenty percent of farmers have access to community land. However, community land is more prevalent in the northern settlements, such as Weila, and Mansie (where over 20 percent of farmers have land they acquired by clearing uncultivated bush). Gaining rights to land through clearing of uncultivated bush is also fairly common at Nsawkaw, but less common at Subinso. But this perhaps, reflects the large number of migrants in the survey at Subinso who cannot claim ownership of land through cultivation without first approaching chiefs and making some kind of payment. In the semi-deciduous zone settlements there is little unclaimed and uncultivated land in the bush and few farmers claimed they gained rights to land through clearing uncultivated land. A significant number of women also get land though their spouse or affines (relations of spouse). Fourteen percent of the sample gain land from their affines. However, this varies considerably between settlements. In land abundant Weila, 40 percent of women depend upon their spouses for land while in land scarce Buoku, only 12 percent of women depend upon their spouse for land. More men gain access to family land at Weila than at Buoku, but more women at Buoku gain access to family land. However, the Buoku sample is complicated by the fact that the population largely consists of a variety of migrants who have settled in the area from the 1920s on land they gained from the Wenchi chief. This includes the descendants of migrant cocoa farmers from Ahafo and of northern migrant labourers. In a situation of land scarcity and competition for land among migrants, most young men do not rely on lands acquired by their families, but gain land through hiring, sharecropping, getting forest taungya land 4 , and illegally encroaching within the forest reserve. Women may be forced to farm on land acquired by their families, since men get preferential access to hired, sharecropped and taungya land. This is 4 A forest tenure contract in which forestry department release forest reserve land to farmers for a few years (frequently between three to five) in which the farmers undertake to plant and nurture timber tree crops and grow food crops within the plantation.
Annex 1: 13 reflected in the larger acreages that men farm. As in all the other settlements men still farm significantly larger areas than women. At Buoku the average acreage women had under crop was 3.75 acreas (Std 2.737) as compared to 8.75 (Std14.55) for men - but with considerable variation between different types of men (See Figure 1.3) 5 . In land scarce areas, young men may seek to gain access to land through circuits other than the family. This also has implications for the family as a farming unit and suggests the emergence of more individual based farming strategies (Amanor, 2000). 5 Caution is needed in presenting mean areas cultivated, since this is distorted by a few farmers with much larger lands, and a tendency for some of the rich to exaggerate their wealth and the extent of their farms to reaffirm their importance.
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Final Technical Report: NRSP Projec
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acro
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ANNEXES ANNEX 1: A Brief History of
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Abbreviations and Acronyms AgGDP CF
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3 3. The ways in which multiple sta
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5 Underpinning the study is a conce
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7 4. Outputs This study is of a res
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9 Figure 4.1 The Brong Ahafo Region
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11 3. Recent disputes over charcoal
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13 ! The local interests which can
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15 The first purpose of this report
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17 ! Where densities are higher, th
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19 In recent years, new factors hav
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21 4.1.8 Main circuits for land acq
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23 With the increasing commodificat
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25 In many instances, the relations
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27 environment. The framework of na
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29 Table 4. 5 Distribution of crops
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31 4.1.13 Agricultural intensificat
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33 economy may also have unforeseen
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35 Table 4.7 Usage of inputs and me
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37 In the more northerly yam farmin
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39 4.1.17 Farmer adaptation and inn
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41 Systems perspectives have domina
Page 49 and 50: 43 and youth migrate in search of a
Page 51 and 52: 45 the northern transition zone whe
Page 53 and 54: 47 As regards decentralised environ
Page 55 and 56: 49 These three are not mutually exc
Page 57 and 58: 51 4.2 Output 2: ‘Potential alter
Page 59 and 60: 53 It requires District departments
Page 61 and 62: 55 government will strengthen natio
Page 63 and 64: 57 4.2.5 Entry Points for research
Page 65 and 66: 59 6. This information should also
Page 67 and 68: 61 The final output of this compone
Page 69 and 70: 63 4.3 Output 3: ‘Increased aware
Page 71 and 72: 65 4.3 Comparison between planned a
Page 73 and 74: 67 The statistics used here were si
Page 75 and 76: 69 5.1.2 Study sites " In the north
Page 77 and 78: 71 Geography, University of Ghana,
Page 79 and 80: 73 6. Environmental Assessment 6.1
Page 81 and 82: 75 7. Contribution of Outputs As a
Page 83 and 84: 77 The District administration is a
Page 85 and 86: CN00/057: ‘Poverty dimensions of
Page 87 and 88: 81 Activities: Milestones: Budget:
Page 89 and 90: Annex 1: 1 Annex 1: A brief history
Page 91 and 92: Annex 1: 3 At both state farms the
Page 93 and 94: Annex 1: 5 and knowledge. Thus, ong
Page 95 and 96: Annex 1: 7 Regions, originally to t
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1: 9 • Rights of spouses. W
Page 99: Annex 1: 11 Table 1.3 Sources of me
Page 103 and 104: Figure 1.2 (continued) Annex 1: 15
Page 105 and 106: Annex 1: 17 User rights in land bec
Page 107 and 108: Annex 1: 19 1.2.4 Migrants’ Acces
Page 109 and 110: 1.4 Supplementary livelihoods Annex
Page 111 and 112: Annex 2: 1 Annex 2: Cropping system
Page 113 and 114: Annex 2: 3 Table 2.1 Distribution o
Page 115 and 116: Annex 2: 5 Table 2.2 Crops cultivat
Page 117 and 118: Annex 2: 7 Table 2.3 Percentage of
Page 119 and 120: Annex 2: 9 Given the abundance of l
Page 121 and 122: Annex 2: 11 Table 2.6 Fallow interv
Page 123 and 124: Annex 2: 13 Table 2.8 Usage of inpu
Page 125 and 126: Annex 2: 15 2.5 Case studies 2.5.1
Page 127 and 128: Annex 2: 17 around Ejura, for insta
Page 129 and 130: Annex 2: 19 Given recent dramatic c
Page 131 and 132: Annex 2: 21 This capacity for adapt
Page 133 and 134: Annex 2: 23 Table 2.11 Tree varieti
Page 135 and 136: Annex 2: 25 Within charcoal produci
Page 137 and 138: Annex 2: 27 cocoa, which was plante
Page 139 and 140: Annex 2: 29 interest to the researc
Page 141 and 142: Annex 3: 1 Annex 3: Managing the En
Page 143 and 144: Annex 3: 3 for local government bas
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3.1: Structure of the Distri
Page 147 and 148: Annex 3: 7 and a functioning secret
Page 149 and 150: Annex 3: 9 The Forestry Service has
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Annex 3: 11 council, their mandate
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Annex 3: 13 the needs of their cons
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Annex 3: 15 Given the poor linkages
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Annex 3: 17 transport the charcoal.
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Annex 3: 19 produced from live tree
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Annex 3: 21 does the extent of thei
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Annex 3: 23 1978, the PNDC formed P
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Annex 3: 25 ! Integrating sector pl
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Annex 3: 27 (13 districts) = 22 By
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Annex 3: 29 argue, the reforms are
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Appendix to Annex 3: 2 administrati
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Appendix to Annex 3: 4 The overall
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Appendix to Annex 3: 6 i. Problems
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Appendix to Annex 3: 8 c) Tradition
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Annex 4: 1 Annex 4: The Way Forward
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Annex 4: 3 4.1.1 Institutional mech
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Annex 4: 5 be submitted to the dist
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Annex 4: 7 and tractor ploughing, t
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Annex 4: 9 4.4 The Proposed Program
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Annex 4: 11 To cover the second of
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Annex 4: 13 Coursey, D.H. (1976) "T
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