Poverty Dimensions of Public Governance and Forest Management ...

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Appendix to Annex 3: 9 DISTRICT ASSEMBLIES COMMON FUND Districts Allocations (1994-2000) (in millions of cedis, rounded to nearest ‘00,000) Region: 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Western 3,500 5,300 9,500 12,900 12,400 14,100 4,800 Central 3,700 5,700 7,600 9,100 13,000 15,000 5,000 Greater Accra 3,600 5,500 7,800 9,300 10,300 12,600 3,600 Eastern 4,900 7,400 9,600 11,300 15,600 16,800 6,000 Volta 3,700 5,600 6,900 7,800 11,400 12,600 4,300 Brong-Ahafo 3,700 5,700 7,800 9,300 12,600 13,800 4,900 Ashanti 6,400 9,800 14,100 16,600 21,700 24,300 8,300 Northern 3,300 5,000 7,300 9,000 13,000 16,300 6,000 Upper West 2,000 2,600 3,700 4,200 6,000 7,000 2,700 Upper East 1,700 2,600 3,700 4,200 5,900 7,000 2,700 Most district assemblies are seriously constrained financially. This relates to two main problems. Firstly, there is a problem of inadequate funding; the district allocations are generally insufficient to the tasks in hand, on top of which there is no guarantee that the sums in question will actually be received into the district accounts. And secondly, Assembly members are often reluctant to exploit to the full their local revenue generating powers. The problems here are largely political. Writing of their case studies in two districts (East Akim and Mamprusi) in the early 1990s, Crook and Manor see the dilemma thus: “The principle of community-based self-help did not fit easily with the institution of representative district government, in so far as it undermined the legitimacy of district taxation and raised irreconcilable differences in the procedure for allocating very limited resources. … elected members found it hard to justify the legitimacy of district taxation when their only argument was that the community would receive a direct return on its contribution. For most members, this implied link could never be demonstrated….” (1998,266) Summing up Ghana’s experience, Crook and Manor identify a number of problems which have to be addressed in any situation of decentralisation. Firstly, that accountability to elected officers can only work where autonomy is granted in the management of resources. Secondly, that the need to ensure effective management, and also to contain its costs, require that central government should be modest in its ambitions for decentralisation. In the Ghana case, these authors argue, the reforms are probably much too radical. This is the case both in terms of the number of sectors to be coordinated, and the numbers of assemblies created for the purpose. (1998, 269-270)
Annex 4: 1 Annex 4: The Way Forward In recent years the framework for agricultural development and natural resource management has experienced considerable change. New paradigms for development are in the process of being developed. 4.1 Changing Paradigms The paradigms of the 1960s and 1970s of state-led modernisation through technology transfer, and dissemination via ‘trickle down’, are no longer applicable in current policy contexts. In the 1960s and 1970s the main agricultural strategies were based on development of state farms, inputs subsidies and soft loans. This approach supported the development of mechanised agriculture by richer farmers, and agricultural extension and delivery systems which promoted new technologies. During the 1970s agricultural modernisation entered into crisis, and support for the agricultural sector drained state resources and subsidies. These policies also had negative impacts on the environment, and encouraged dependence on state resources rather than a dynamic agricultural sector. By the 1980s the agricultural modernisation project crumbled. The state could no longer financially support subsidies, and structural adjustment policies required divestiture of state enterprises, and an end to state intervention. Agricultural development paradigms based on transfer of technology gave way to participatory technology development, and decentralisation became a key to administrative reform. The new agenda emphasised poverty alleviation, natural resources management and sustainable development. The central concerns were with development processes that were inclusive, promoted equity and gender participation, and considered a variety of livelihood options. Within the changing context of agricultural research and development, new approaches and new institutional innovations need now to be created. The major concern is to move beyond the extension of influence of a state sector or policy sector, through the distribution of new technologies and building up of a clientele of faithful supporters, to considerations of the improved quality of communication and dissemination of
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Final Technical Report: NRSP Projec
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acro
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ANNEXES ANNEX 1: A Brief History of
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Abbreviations and Acronyms AgGDP CF
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3 3. The ways in which multiple sta
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5 Underpinning the study is a conce
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7 4. Outputs This study is of a res
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9 Figure 4.1 The Brong Ahafo Region
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11 3. Recent disputes over charcoal
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13 ! The local interests which can
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15 The first purpose of this report
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17 ! Where densities are higher, th
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19 In recent years, new factors hav
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21 4.1.8 Main circuits for land acq
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23 With the increasing commodificat
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25 In many instances, the relations
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27 environment. The framework of na
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29 Table 4. 5 Distribution of crops
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31 4.1.13 Agricultural intensificat
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33 economy may also have unforeseen
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35 Table 4.7 Usage of inputs and me
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37 In the more northerly yam farmin
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39 4.1.17 Farmer adaptation and inn
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41 Systems perspectives have domina
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43 and youth migrate in search of a
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45 the northern transition zone whe
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47 As regards decentralised environ
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49 These three are not mutually exc
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51 4.2 Output 2: ‘Potential alter
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53 It requires District departments
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55 government will strengthen natio
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57 4.2.5 Entry Points for research
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59 6. This information should also
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61 The final output of this compone
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63 4.3 Output 3: ‘Increased aware
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65 4.3 Comparison between planned a
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67 The statistics used here were si
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69 5.1.2 Study sites " In the north
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71 Geography, University of Ghana,
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73 6. Environmental Assessment 6.1
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75 7. Contribution of Outputs As a
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77 The District administration is a
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CN00/057: ‘Poverty dimensions of
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81 Activities: Milestones: Budget:
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Annex 1: 1 Annex 1: A brief history
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Annex 1: 3 At both state farms the
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Annex 1: 5 and knowledge. Thus, ong
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Annex 1: 7 Regions, originally to t
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Annex 1: 9 • Rights of spouses. W
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Annex 1: 11 Table 1.3 Sources of me
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Annex 1: 13 reflected in the larger
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Figure 1.2 (continued) Annex 1: 15
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Annex 1: 17 User rights in land bec
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Annex 1: 19 1.2.4 Migrants’ Acces
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1.4 Supplementary livelihoods Annex
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Annex 2: 1 Annex 2: Cropping system
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Annex 2: 3 Table 2.1 Distribution o
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Annex 2: 5 Table 2.2 Crops cultivat
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Annex 2: 7 Table 2.3 Percentage of
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Annex 2: 9 Given the abundance of l
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Annex 2: 11 Table 2.6 Fallow interv
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Annex 2: 13 Table 2.8 Usage of inpu
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Annex 2: 15 2.5 Case studies 2.5.1
Page 127 and 128: Annex 2: 17 around Ejura, for insta
Page 129 and 130: Annex 2: 19 Given recent dramatic c
Page 131 and 132: Annex 2: 21 This capacity for adapt
Page 133 and 134: Annex 2: 23 Table 2.11 Tree varieti
Page 135 and 136: Annex 2: 25 Within charcoal produci
Page 137 and 138: Annex 2: 27 cocoa, which was plante
Page 139 and 140: Annex 2: 29 interest to the researc
Page 141 and 142: Annex 3: 1 Annex 3: Managing the En
Page 143 and 144: Annex 3: 3 for local government bas
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3.1: Structure of the Distri
Page 147 and 148: Annex 3: 7 and a functioning secret
Page 149 and 150: Annex 3: 9 The Forestry Service has
Page 151 and 152: Annex 3: 11 council, their mandate
Page 153 and 154: Annex 3: 13 the needs of their cons
Page 155 and 156: Annex 3: 15 Given the poor linkages
Page 157 and 158: Annex 3: 17 transport the charcoal.
Page 159 and 160: Annex 3: 19 produced from live tree
Page 161 and 162: Annex 3: 21 does the extent of thei
Page 163 and 164: Annex 3: 23 1978, the PNDC formed P
Page 165 and 166: Annex 3: 25 ! Integrating sector pl
Page 167 and 168: Annex 3: 27 (13 districts) = 22 By
Page 169 and 170: Annex 3: 29 argue, the reforms are
Page 171 and 172: Appendix to Annex 3: 2 administrati
Page 173 and 174: Appendix to Annex 3: 4 The overall
Page 175 and 176: Appendix to Annex 3: 6 i. Problems
Page 177: Appendix to Annex 3: 8 c) Tradition
Page 181 and 182: Annex 4: 3 4.1.1 Institutional mech
Page 183 and 184: Annex 4: 5 be submitted to the dist
Page 185 and 186: Annex 4: 7 and tractor ploughing, t
Page 187 and 188: Annex 4: 9 4.4 The Proposed Program
Page 189 and 190: Annex 4: 11 To cover the second of
Page 191 and 192: Annex 4: 13 Coursey, D.H. (1976) "T
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