Poverty Dimensions of Public Governance and Forest Management ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Annex 2: 12 2.4 Farmers’ adaptive strategies The next section examines how farmers have adapted their farming systems in response to economic development, infrastructure development, agricultural information systems, changing policy frameworks, and changing and competitive markets. It also examines how they respond to environmental and production problems which have emerged in their farming systems. 2.4.1 Ecological adaptation Ecological adaptations include the matching of crops to specific micro-environments. The moist loving tropical forest crops of plantain and cocoyam are predominant within the localities situated in semi-deciduous forests. Within the drier northerly areas they are exploited in the gallery forest areas within valley bottom areas. On the grassy slopes of the driest area sorghum and bambara beans become more significant crops particularly at Weila. Yams are more important in the woody parkland areas of the northern transition zone where small, fast growing trees predominate. However, specific varieties of yams have also been adapted to the moist forest environments, including Kokoase, a forest yam that can grow in the shade of trees, and is often cultivated under cocoa trees. While groundnuts are usually exploited in savanna areas, they have also been grown from before the beginning of the twentieth century in specific grassy environments within dominant forest mosaics. Groundnut cultivation is also extending into degraded soils and soils which have been transformed by ploughing, in which it is difficult to grow other crops. Maize and cassava are grown in both the forested environments and also within the savannaforest mosaics. Within moist forest zones it is often grown in environments which have been transformed through ploughing, in which the original forest environment has been stumped and is now replaced by grassland. 2.4.2 Impact of agricultural policy and infrastructure on farming practice The development of a modern state agricultural sector and of a supporting agricultural infrastructure has had an important effect upon the farming systems in Brong Ahafo in both northern parkland and southern high forest fringe communities. Nevertheless, this modern agricultural infrastructure has had limited impact on farmers’ own cropping systems. The effect of agricultural modernisation on agriculture at Subinso is clearly evident 2 kilometres from the former State Farm at Branam. However, at a radius of 10 kilometres and more in settlements such as Mansie and Weila, the impact of modern agricultural services become minimal, and tractor ploughing and fertiliser applications are extremely marginal. Within the high forest fringe area, the influence of high input agriculture is evident at Kokoago, with high rates of fertiliser usage and tractor ploughing services by farmers on lands which have been stumped. However, these developments are not typical of high forest fringe areas, most of which, like Buoku, use no fertilisers and hire manual labour rather than tractor ploughs. Table 2.8 shows the extent of usage of inputs and modern agricultural technologies on the various farm plots cultivated by farmers in the various settlements in the survey. Table 2.9 shows the proportion of farmers that use some fertiliser on any of their farm plots and table 2.10 shows the small proportion of farmers who hire tractor services in contrast with the overwhelming reliance by most farmers on hired manual labour. Large numbers of farmers throughout the survey area invest in hiring labour for weeding and clearing, but few farmers outside of Subinso and Kokoago make investments in high input technologies.
Annex 2: 13 Table 2.8 Usage of inputs and mechanised technology on farm plots Settlement High input usage Weila Mansie Subinso Nsawkaw- Tanoso- Njau Kokoago Buoko Total Percentage of farm plots cultivated with inorganic fertiliser: Male plots . 1.8 5.1 2.4 8.7 . 7.8 Female plots 2 . 9.6 . 8.9 . 3.3 All plots 0.9 1.1 7.0 1.0 3.3 0 5.8 Percentage of stumped farm plots: Men’s plots . 1.7 21.9 1.2 22.3 1.8 10.0 Women’s plots 5.9 2.8 27.4 10.4 8.9 10.7 All plots 2.7 2.1 24.3 6.3 18.0 .9 10.3 Percentage of farm plots cleared with tractor: Men’s plots . . 11.2 1.2 9.6 8.9 5.8 Women’s plots . . 23.3 .9 2.2 . 5.2 All plots . . 16.4 1.1 7.2 4.6 5.5 No of male farm plots 62 55 98 83 94 57 449 No of female plots 51 36 73 106 45 53 364 No of farm plots 113 91 171 189 139 110 813
Page 1 and 2:
Final Technical Report: NRSP Projec
Page 3 and 4:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acro
Page 5 and 6:
ANNEXES ANNEX 1: A Brief History of
Page 7 and 8:
Abbreviations and Acronyms AgGDP CF
Page 9 and 10:
3 3. The ways in which multiple sta
Page 11 and 12:
5 Underpinning the study is a conce
Page 13 and 14:
7 4. Outputs This study is of a res
Page 15 and 16:
9 Figure 4.1 The Brong Ahafo Region
Page 17 and 18:
11 3. Recent disputes over charcoal
Page 19 and 20:
13 ! The local interests which can
Page 21 and 22:
15 The first purpose of this report
Page 23 and 24:
17 ! Where densities are higher, th
Page 25 and 26:
19 In recent years, new factors hav
Page 27 and 28:
21 4.1.8 Main circuits for land acq
Page 29 and 30:
23 With the increasing commodificat
Page 31 and 32:
25 In many instances, the relations
Page 33 and 34:
27 environment. The framework of na
Page 35 and 36:
29 Table 4. 5 Distribution of crops
Page 37 and 38:
31 4.1.13 Agricultural intensificat
Page 39 and 40:
33 economy may also have unforeseen
Page 41 and 42:
35 Table 4.7 Usage of inputs and me
Page 43 and 44:
37 In the more northerly yam farmin
Page 45 and 46:
39 4.1.17 Farmer adaptation and inn
Page 47 and 48:
41 Systems perspectives have domina
Page 49 and 50:
43 and youth migrate in search of a
Page 51 and 52:
45 the northern transition zone whe
Page 53 and 54:
47 As regards decentralised environ
Page 55 and 56:
49 These three are not mutually exc
Page 57 and 58:
51 4.2 Output 2: ‘Potential alter
Page 59 and 60:
53 It requires District departments
Page 61 and 62:
55 government will strengthen natio
Page 63 and 64:
57 4.2.5 Entry Points for research
Page 65 and 66:
59 6. This information should also
Page 67 and 68:
61 The final output of this compone
Page 69 and 70:
63 4.3 Output 3: ‘Increased aware
Page 71 and 72: 65 4.3 Comparison between planned a
Page 73 and 74: 67 The statistics used here were si
Page 75 and 76: 69 5.1.2 Study sites " In the north
Page 77 and 78: 71 Geography, University of Ghana,
Page 79 and 80: 73 6. Environmental Assessment 6.1
Page 81 and 82: 75 7. Contribution of Outputs As a
Page 83 and 84: 77 The District administration is a
Page 85 and 86: CN00/057: ‘Poverty dimensions of
Page 87 and 88: 81 Activities: Milestones: Budget:
Page 89 and 90: Annex 1: 1 Annex 1: A brief history
Page 91 and 92: Annex 1: 3 At both state farms the
Page 93 and 94: Annex 1: 5 and knowledge. Thus, ong
Page 95 and 96: Annex 1: 7 Regions, originally to t
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1: 9 • Rights of spouses. W
Page 99 and 100: Annex 1: 11 Table 1.3 Sources of me
Page 101 and 102: Annex 1: 13 reflected in the larger
Page 103 and 104: Figure 1.2 (continued) Annex 1: 15
Page 105 and 106: Annex 1: 17 User rights in land bec
Page 107 and 108: Annex 1: 19 1.2.4 Migrants’ Acces
Page 109 and 110: 1.4 Supplementary livelihoods Annex
Page 111 and 112: Annex 2: 1 Annex 2: Cropping system
Page 113 and 114: Annex 2: 3 Table 2.1 Distribution o
Page 115 and 116: Annex 2: 5 Table 2.2 Crops cultivat
Page 117 and 118: Annex 2: 7 Table 2.3 Percentage of
Page 119 and 120: Annex 2: 9 Given the abundance of l
Page 121: Annex 2: 11 Table 2.6 Fallow interv
Page 125 and 126: Annex 2: 15 2.5 Case studies 2.5.1
Page 127 and 128: Annex 2: 17 around Ejura, for insta
Page 129 and 130: Annex 2: 19 Given recent dramatic c
Page 131 and 132: Annex 2: 21 This capacity for adapt
Page 133 and 134: Annex 2: 23 Table 2.11 Tree varieti
Page 135 and 136: Annex 2: 25 Within charcoal produci
Page 137 and 138: Annex 2: 27 cocoa, which was plante
Page 139 and 140: Annex 2: 29 interest to the researc
Page 141 and 142: Annex 3: 1 Annex 3: Managing the En
Page 143 and 144: Annex 3: 3 for local government bas
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3.1: Structure of the Distri
Page 147 and 148: Annex 3: 7 and a functioning secret
Page 149 and 150: Annex 3: 9 The Forestry Service has
Page 151 and 152: Annex 3: 11 council, their mandate
Page 153 and 154: Annex 3: 13 the needs of their cons
Page 155 and 156: Annex 3: 15 Given the poor linkages
Page 157 and 158: Annex 3: 17 transport the charcoal.
Page 159 and 160: Annex 3: 19 produced from live tree
Page 161 and 162: Annex 3: 21 does the extent of thei
Page 163 and 164: Annex 3: 23 1978, the PNDC formed P
Page 165 and 166: Annex 3: 25 ! Integrating sector pl
Page 167 and 168: Annex 3: 27 (13 districts) = 22 By
Page 169 and 170: Annex 3: 29 argue, the reforms are
Page 171 and 172: Appendix to Annex 3: 2 administrati
Page 173 and 174:
Appendix to Annex 3: 4 The overall
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix to Annex 3: 6 i. Problems
Page 177 and 178:
Appendix to Annex 3: 8 c) Tradition
Page 179 and 180:
Annex 4: 1 Annex 4: The Way Forward
Page 181 and 182:
Annex 4: 3 4.1.1 Institutional mech
Page 183 and 184:
Annex 4: 5 be submitted to the dist
Page 185 and 186:
Annex 4: 7 and tractor ploughing, t
Page 187 and 188:
Annex 4: 9 4.4 The Proposed Program
Page 189 and 190:
Annex 4: 11 To cover the second of
Page 191 and 192:
Annex 4: 13 Coursey, D.H. (1976) "T
show all

Poverty Dimensions of Public Governance and Forest Management ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?