Poverty Dimensions of Public Governance and Forest Management ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

11. Keywords Ghana; natural resource policy; resource conflicts; local government decentralisation; migrants. 12. Annexes Scientific Annexes: Annex 1: ‘A brief history of agriculture in the transition zone of Brong Ahafo’ Annex 2: ‘Cropping Systems’ Annex 3: ‘Managing the Environment’ Annex 4: ‘The Way Forward’ Annex 5: Draft logframe for the proposed follow-up project. Administrative annexes: Annex 6: Final project inventory. 82
Annex 1: 1 Annex 1: A brief history of agriculture in the transition zone of Brong Ahafo Agriculture within the transition zone of Brong Ahafo has a long history. The area forms part of the zone of intensification and increasing sedentarism of the late stone age era in West and Central Africa, during the Second Millennium BC, broadly following the contours of the forest-savanna margin (Stahl 1993). This has given rise to what archaeologists term the ‘Kintampo culture’. Within the transition zone a number of crops came to prominence in human production systems, which do not thrive under either undisturbed forest or savanna environments. These include the yam species, which essentially are vines which have adapted to several months of dry season. They require sunlight and also need tree supports on which to climb. The oil palm likewise requires moisture associated with tropical forests, but also sunlight, as well as fire which encourages the germination of seeds (Andah; 1993; Maley, 2002). These two species are likely to have come to prominence in the transition zone after long periods of experimentation, protection and selection, gradually leading to domestication. Over many years less bitter and more palatable varieties of yams with larger sizes will have been selected in processes which still continue today. These crops were probably harvested originally from the wild in disturbed sites or less thick woody areas. Agriculture then emerged through the management of the environment using techniques which were eventually to give rise to the methods of farm management now classified as “shifting cultivation” or “slash and burn”. A second agricultural complex developed in the drier grassland areas of the transition zone based on the cultivation of sorghum, millets and pulses, including cowpea and bambara beans. These species were important in supplementing yam, which could not be stored throughout the year. A third complex developed in riverine and valley bottom areas, using flood retreat techniques and flood-tolerant crops such as Oryza glaberrima (African rice). The cereal and pulse and flood retreat complexes provided important risk management insurance against the vagaries of climate and dry phases. Over the centuries there have been considerable shifts in climate and vegetation within the transition zone and forest zone, seeing retreats and advances of species associated with forest and savanna. The late holocene has been identified by palaeoclimatogists as a significant period of desiccation and forest retreat in which significant intensification of flood production technologies occurred. The late nineteenth and early twentieth century was characterised by a wet phase, which was followed by a dry phase around the 1950s (Nicholson,1981; Maley, 2002; 1996;1993). By managing a wide array of crop species and micro-environments which include species adapted to dry and wet conditions farmers developed forms of risk management and environmental management, which assured them highest long-term returns to their labour. 1.1 Phases of agricultural development The increasing integration of West African into the world economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries led to the introduction of new crops, particularly the new world crops - maize, cocoyams, and cassava - and the Asian plantain. Maize rapidly spread into the transition zone areas, complementing and displacing sorghum and millet species which now became the major crops in the drier savanna areas. Plantain and cocoyams became major moist forest crops. While cassava has become an important crop in transition and savanna areas, its spread outside the coastal areas has in many cases been a twentieth century phenomenon.
Page 1 and 2:
Final Technical Report: NRSP Projec
Page 3 and 4:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acro
Page 5 and 6:
ANNEXES ANNEX 1: A Brief History of
Page 7 and 8:
Abbreviations and Acronyms AgGDP CF
Page 9 and 10:
3 3. The ways in which multiple sta
Page 11 and 12:
5 Underpinning the study is a conce
Page 13 and 14:
7 4. Outputs This study is of a res
Page 15 and 16:
9 Figure 4.1 The Brong Ahafo Region
Page 17 and 18:
11 3. Recent disputes over charcoal
Page 19 and 20:
13 ! The local interests which can
Page 21 and 22:
15 The first purpose of this report
Page 23 and 24:
17 ! Where densities are higher, th
Page 25 and 26:
19 In recent years, new factors hav
Page 27 and 28:
21 4.1.8 Main circuits for land acq
Page 29 and 30:
23 With the increasing commodificat
Page 31 and 32:
25 In many instances, the relations
Page 33 and 34:
27 environment. The framework of na
Page 35 and 36:
29 Table 4. 5 Distribution of crops
Page 37 and 38: 31 4.1.13 Agricultural intensificat
Page 39 and 40: 33 economy may also have unforeseen
Page 41 and 42: 35 Table 4.7 Usage of inputs and me
Page 43 and 44: 37 In the more northerly yam farmin
Page 45 and 46: 39 4.1.17 Farmer adaptation and inn
Page 47 and 48: 41 Systems perspectives have domina
Page 49 and 50: 43 and youth migrate in search of a
Page 51 and 52: 45 the northern transition zone whe
Page 53 and 54: 47 As regards decentralised environ
Page 55 and 56: 49 These three are not mutually exc
Page 57 and 58: 51 4.2 Output 2: ‘Potential alter
Page 59 and 60: 53 It requires District departments
Page 61 and 62: 55 government will strengthen natio
Page 63 and 64: 57 4.2.5 Entry Points for research
Page 65 and 66: 59 6. This information should also
Page 67 and 68: 61 The final output of this compone
Page 69 and 70: 63 4.3 Output 3: ‘Increased aware
Page 71 and 72: 65 4.3 Comparison between planned a
Page 73 and 74: 67 The statistics used here were si
Page 75 and 76: 69 5.1.2 Study sites " In the north
Page 77 and 78: 71 Geography, University of Ghana,
Page 79 and 80: 73 6. Environmental Assessment 6.1
Page 81 and 82: 75 7. Contribution of Outputs As a
Page 83 and 84: 77 The District administration is a
Page 85 and 86: CN00/057: ‘Poverty dimensions of
Page 87: 81 Activities: Milestones: Budget:
Page 91 and 92: Annex 1: 3 At both state farms the
Page 93 and 94: Annex 1: 5 and knowledge. Thus, ong
Page 95 and 96: Annex 1: 7 Regions, originally to t
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1: 9 • Rights of spouses. W
Page 99 and 100: Annex 1: 11 Table 1.3 Sources of me
Page 101 and 102: Annex 1: 13 reflected in the larger
Page 103 and 104: Figure 1.2 (continued) Annex 1: 15
Page 105 and 106: Annex 1: 17 User rights in land bec
Page 107 and 108: Annex 1: 19 1.2.4 Migrants’ Acces
Page 109 and 110: 1.4 Supplementary livelihoods Annex
Page 111 and 112: Annex 2: 1 Annex 2: Cropping system
Page 113 and 114: Annex 2: 3 Table 2.1 Distribution o
Page 115 and 116: Annex 2: 5 Table 2.2 Crops cultivat
Page 117 and 118: Annex 2: 7 Table 2.3 Percentage of
Page 119 and 120: Annex 2: 9 Given the abundance of l
Page 121 and 122: Annex 2: 11 Table 2.6 Fallow interv
Page 123 and 124: Annex 2: 13 Table 2.8 Usage of inpu
Page 125 and 126: Annex 2: 15 2.5 Case studies 2.5.1
Page 127 and 128: Annex 2: 17 around Ejura, for insta
Page 129 and 130: Annex 2: 19 Given recent dramatic c
Page 131 and 132: Annex 2: 21 This capacity for adapt
Page 133 and 134: Annex 2: 23 Table 2.11 Tree varieti
Page 135 and 136: Annex 2: 25 Within charcoal produci
Page 137 and 138: Annex 2: 27 cocoa, which was plante
Page 139 and 140:
Annex 2: 29 interest to the researc
Page 141 and 142:
Annex 3: 1 Annex 3: Managing the En
Page 143 and 144:
Annex 3: 3 for local government bas
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 3.1: Structure of the Distri
Page 147 and 148:
Annex 3: 7 and a functioning secret
Page 149 and 150:
Annex 3: 9 The Forestry Service has
Page 151 and 152:
Annex 3: 11 council, their mandate
Page 153 and 154:
Annex 3: 13 the needs of their cons
Page 155 and 156:
Annex 3: 15 Given the poor linkages
Page 157 and 158:
Annex 3: 17 transport the charcoal.
Page 159 and 160:
Annex 3: 19 produced from live tree
Page 161 and 162:
Annex 3: 21 does the extent of thei
Page 163 and 164:
Annex 3: 23 1978, the PNDC formed P
Page 165 and 166:
Annex 3: 25 ! Integrating sector pl
Page 167 and 168:
Annex 3: 27 (13 districts) = 22 By
Page 169 and 170:
Annex 3: 29 argue, the reforms are
Page 171 and 172:
Appendix to Annex 3: 2 administrati
Page 173 and 174:
Appendix to Annex 3: 4 The overall
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix to Annex 3: 6 i. Problems
Page 177 and 178:
Appendix to Annex 3: 8 c) Tradition
Page 179 and 180:
Annex 4: 1 Annex 4: The Way Forward
Page 181 and 182:
Annex 4: 3 4.1.1 Institutional mech
Page 183 and 184:
Annex 4: 5 be submitted to the dist
Page 185 and 186:
Annex 4: 7 and tractor ploughing, t
Page 187 and 188:
Annex 4: 9 4.4 The Proposed Program
Page 189 and 190:
Annex 4: 11 To cover the second of
Page 191 and 192:
Annex 4: 13 Coursey, D.H. (1976) "T
show all

Poverty Dimensions of Public Governance and Forest Management ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?