Poverty Dimensions of Public Governance and Forest Management ...

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Annex 3: 2 - facilitate their understanding of their environment; - apply a set of principles on which they agree to the management of their locally specific situation; - to articulate their problems at policy fora to policy makers and other natural resource users. 3.2 Structures for Decentralised Environmental Policy The Environmental Action Plan for Ghana gives a high priority to the promotion of popular participation in the planning, evaluation and implementation of environmental policies. The framework in which civil society participation in environmental management is construed is that of decentralisation. Within the framework of decentralisation, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the mandate to facilitate the emergence of district environmental committees, and of other community level organisations such as the Fire Mobisquads or Fire Volunteers. The EPA is also responsible for developing environmental education within the districts. At the national level the EPA is responsible for drawing up national environmental plans which implement policies reflecting the international agreements and treaties to which the Ghana State is a signatory. The EPA operates at the regional level, developing regional environmental plans, coordinating the activities of the various district assemblies, and providing technical backstopping and training to enable districts to formulate bye-laws and implement policies. However, this ambitious mandate of the EPA is not matched by its resource and information base. As a result of this its policies are not prepared on the basis of an operational information system that is updated as conditions change, but by grand narratives of perceived environmental change and degradation, and received wisdom in which rural producers are frequently seen as villains, destroying the environment. A better understanding of the processes of decentralised environmental management requires an understanding of the structures and processes of decentralisation. 3.2.1 Structures of decentralisation The framework for the current structure of decentralisation in Ghana was established by the Provisional National Defence Committee (PNDC) Law 207 of 1988. This enacted a new structure
Annex 3: 3 for local government based on devolution of central government functions to 110 local districts within a three-tier structure of Regional Coordinating Councils, District Assemblies and Town Area Councils/Unit Committees. The District Assembly is the highest administrative authority in the district. It consists of elected and appointed members. Two thirds of the members are elected every four years and the other third are appointed by the president in consultation with traditional authorities and other interest groups in the area. The District Assembly is headed by a District Chief Executive who is appointed by the president. The 1992 Constitution makes the further provision that the DCE can only be appointed by the president with the prior approval of two thirds of the Assembly. The DCE can also be removed by two thirds of the Assembly passing a vote of no confidence. This is an attempt to make the DCE accountable to the Assembly. The DCE is responsible for the supervision and co-ordination of departments and organisations within the district, the executive committee and the various subcommittees. The DCE is also the link between central government and the district, conveying and explaining the programmes of central government to the people. The members of the District Assembly also elect a Presiding Member from within their ranks, who chairs Assembly meetings. The structure of the assemblies is as shown in Table 3.1. The districts are divided into electoral areas, each of which elects an Assembly Member to the District Assembly to represent their interests at Assembly meetings. The Assembly Members participate in the meetings of the Assembly and vote to ratify policies. The Local Government Act of 1994 (Act 462), the National Development Planning Commission Act of 1994 and the National Development Planning (System) Act of 1994 establish the framework for development planning. The District Assemblies are empowered as the legislative body for local or district level planning to prepare district development plans. In theory these plans are to be initiated with the full participation of the local community. Under Section 3 of the National Development (System) Act it is obligatory for a district authority to conduct a public hearing on any proposed district development plan and to consider the views expressed at these hearings before the adoption of proposals as a district development plan. A local community in a district is authorised to prepare a sub-district or local action plan under the Act and is required to conduct a public hearing prior to the adoption of proposed plans.
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Final Technical Report: NRSP Projec
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acro
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ANNEXES ANNEX 1: A Brief History of
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Abbreviations and Acronyms AgGDP CF
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3 3. The ways in which multiple sta
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5 Underpinning the study is a conce
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7 4. Outputs This study is of a res
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9 Figure 4.1 The Brong Ahafo Region
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11 3. Recent disputes over charcoal
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13 ! The local interests which can
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15 The first purpose of this report
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17 ! Where densities are higher, th
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19 In recent years, new factors hav
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21 4.1.8 Main circuits for land acq
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23 With the increasing commodificat
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25 In many instances, the relations
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27 environment. The framework of na
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29 Table 4. 5 Distribution of crops
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31 4.1.13 Agricultural intensificat
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33 economy may also have unforeseen
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35 Table 4.7 Usage of inputs and me
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37 In the more northerly yam farmin
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39 4.1.17 Farmer adaptation and inn
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41 Systems perspectives have domina
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43 and youth migrate in search of a
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45 the northern transition zone whe
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47 As regards decentralised environ
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49 These three are not mutually exc
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51 4.2 Output 2: ‘Potential alter
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53 It requires District departments
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55 government will strengthen natio
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57 4.2.5 Entry Points for research
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59 6. This information should also
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61 The final output of this compone
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63 4.3 Output 3: ‘Increased aware
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65 4.3 Comparison between planned a
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67 The statistics used here were si
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69 5.1.2 Study sites " In the north
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71 Geography, University of Ghana,
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73 6. Environmental Assessment 6.1
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75 7. Contribution of Outputs As a
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77 The District administration is a
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CN00/057: ‘Poverty dimensions of
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81 Activities: Milestones: Budget:
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Annex 1: 1 Annex 1: A brief history
Page 91 and 92: Annex 1: 3 At both state farms the
Page 93 and 94: Annex 1: 5 and knowledge. Thus, ong
Page 95 and 96: Annex 1: 7 Regions, originally to t
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1: 9 • Rights of spouses. W
Page 99 and 100: Annex 1: 11 Table 1.3 Sources of me
Page 101 and 102: Annex 1: 13 reflected in the larger
Page 103 and 104: Figure 1.2 (continued) Annex 1: 15
Page 105 and 106: Annex 1: 17 User rights in land bec
Page 107 and 108: Annex 1: 19 1.2.4 Migrants’ Acces
Page 109 and 110: 1.4 Supplementary livelihoods Annex
Page 111 and 112: Annex 2: 1 Annex 2: Cropping system
Page 113 and 114: Annex 2: 3 Table 2.1 Distribution o
Page 115 and 116: Annex 2: 5 Table 2.2 Crops cultivat
Page 117 and 118: Annex 2: 7 Table 2.3 Percentage of
Page 119 and 120: Annex 2: 9 Given the abundance of l
Page 121 and 122: Annex 2: 11 Table 2.6 Fallow interv
Page 123 and 124: Annex 2: 13 Table 2.8 Usage of inpu
Page 125 and 126: Annex 2: 15 2.5 Case studies 2.5.1
Page 127 and 128: Annex 2: 17 around Ejura, for insta
Page 129 and 130: Annex 2: 19 Given recent dramatic c
Page 131 and 132: Annex 2: 21 This capacity for adapt
Page 133 and 134: Annex 2: 23 Table 2.11 Tree varieti
Page 135 and 136: Annex 2: 25 Within charcoal produci
Page 137 and 138: Annex 2: 27 cocoa, which was plante
Page 139 and 140: Annex 2: 29 interest to the researc
Page 141: Annex 3: 1 Annex 3: Managing the En
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3.1: Structure of the Distri
Page 147 and 148: Annex 3: 7 and a functioning secret
Page 149 and 150: Annex 3: 9 The Forestry Service has
Page 151 and 152: Annex 3: 11 council, their mandate
Page 153 and 154: Annex 3: 13 the needs of their cons
Page 155 and 156: Annex 3: 15 Given the poor linkages
Page 157 and 158: Annex 3: 17 transport the charcoal.
Page 159 and 160: Annex 3: 19 produced from live tree
Page 161 and 162: Annex 3: 21 does the extent of thei
Page 163 and 164: Annex 3: 23 1978, the PNDC formed P
Page 165 and 166: Annex 3: 25 ! Integrating sector pl
Page 167 and 168: Annex 3: 27 (13 districts) = 22 By
Page 169 and 170: Annex 3: 29 argue, the reforms are
Page 171 and 172: Appendix to Annex 3: 2 administrati
Page 173 and 174: Appendix to Annex 3: 4 The overall
Page 175 and 176: Appendix to Annex 3: 6 i. Problems
Page 177 and 178: Appendix to Annex 3: 8 c) Tradition
Page 179 and 180: Annex 4: 1 Annex 4: The Way Forward
Page 181 and 182: Annex 4: 3 4.1.1 Institutional mech
Page 183 and 184: Annex 4: 5 be submitted to the dist
Page 185 and 186: Annex 4: 7 and tractor ploughing, t
Page 187 and 188: Annex 4: 9 4.4 The Proposed Program
Page 189 and 190: Annex 4: 11 To cover the second of
Page 191 and 192: Annex 4: 13 Coursey, D.H. (1976) "T
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