Poverty Dimensions of Public Governance and Forest Management ...

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26 perception as to villagers’ high dependence on the natural environment for off-farm income.3 It reflects a hostile policy Table 4.4 Main off-farm incomes Percentage of farmers engaged in off-farm activities Weila Mansie Subinso Nsawkaw- Tanoso-Njau Kokoago Buoku Total Men Off-farm incomes 43 50 51 48 39 46 46 Natural resource exploitation 18 43 11 10 6 4 15 Charcoal 11 39 4 5 . . 9 Hunting 3.5 4 . . . 4 1.5 Herbalist . . 2 5 . . 1.5 Carpenter . . . . 3 . 0.5 Pestle-carving . . 2 . . . 0.5 Mortar-carving 3.5 . . . . . 0.5 Hoe-handle making . . 2 . . . 0.5 Palm-wine tapping . . . 0.3 . 0.5 Petty-trading 11 4 9 5 10 12 8 Artisan 10 . 20 16 16 . 11 Casual labourer . , , 7 . . 1.5 Women Off-farm incomes 54 57 80 40 59 56 56 Natural resource exploitation . 12 3 2 . . 3 Charcoal . 12 3 2 . . 3 Petty trading 41 19 37 19 32 32 31 Prepared food 14 15 23 7 23 8 14 Pito brewing . 4 11 2 . 8 4 3 This may seem at odds with the findings of Wiggins et al (2001). However, direct comparisons are difficult to make, both because of the different bases of the assessments (individuals vs. employment rankings/days worked + income said to be obtained), and differences in the location of the settlements studied. 26
27 environment. The framework of natural resource tenure largely excludes villagers from ownership rights; the legislative system criminalizes their use of tree resources; and environmental policies are prone to equate off-farm natural resource based incomes and ‘environmental degradation’. This is in marked contrast to the importance of forest resources in national exports, and underlines the marginalisation of the interests of the small farmer majority. 4.1.12 Cropping Systems Cropping systems in the transition zone of Brong Ahafo are complex and diverse. In the survey of 6 different settlements and 818 farm plots, over 150 different cropping combinations were found. The dominant crops cultivated were: yam, cassava, maize groundnut, sorghum, plantain, cocoyam, bambara beans, cowpea, tomato, okro, pepper, and garden egg. Small quantities of rice are cultivated in valley bottoms. The dominant tree crop cultivated is cashew with some farmers also investing in teak plantations. The main crops (indicating % farmers cultivating, and % farm plots, in each case) are: ! Cassava – in both major ecosystems (76/45) ! Yam – mainly in the parkland zone (71/36) ! Maize – both zones (60/35) ! Groundnut – mainly parkland, though increasingly in the semi-deciduous forest fringes also (48/24) Groundnut is mainly a women’s crop (70% women, cf. 29% men). Yam, cassava and maize are more likely to be men’s crops. Intercropping is more common than monocropping in the transition zone (62% cf. 38%). This is indicative of risk management strategies, primarily in relation to rainfall and pest attack. Monocropping is dominant only in the Kokoago area, indicating the strong commercial orientation of farmers in this area. Monocropping tends to be associated with high input use, as is commonly the case with maize, though there are many exceptions (for example, groundnut monocropping is not associated with use of inputs). The main crops are as indicated in Figure 4.4. Table 4.5 gives the distribution of crops in male and female plots, and Table 4.6, the dominant cropping systems. 27
Page 1 and 2: Final Technical Report: NRSP Projec
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acro
Page 5 and 6: ANNEXES ANNEX 1: A Brief History of
Page 7 and 8: Abbreviations and Acronyms AgGDP CF
Page 9 and 10: 3 3. The ways in which multiple sta
Page 11 and 12: 5 Underpinning the study is a conce
Page 13 and 14: 7 4. Outputs This study is of a res
Page 15 and 16: 9 Figure 4.1 The Brong Ahafo Region
Page 17 and 18: 11 3. Recent disputes over charcoal
Page 19 and 20: 13 ! The local interests which can
Page 21 and 22: 15 The first purpose of this report
Page 23 and 24: 17 ! Where densities are higher, th
Page 25 and 26: 19 In recent years, new factors hav
Page 27 and 28: 21 4.1.8 Main circuits for land acq
Page 29 and 30: 23 With the increasing commodificat
Page 31: 25 In many instances, the relations
Page 35 and 36: 29 Table 4. 5 Distribution of crops
Page 37 and 38: 31 4.1.13 Agricultural intensificat
Page 39 and 40: 33 economy may also have unforeseen
Page 41 and 42: 35 Table 4.7 Usage of inputs and me
Page 43 and 44: 37 In the more northerly yam farmin
Page 45 and 46: 39 4.1.17 Farmer adaptation and inn
Page 47 and 48: 41 Systems perspectives have domina
Page 49 and 50: 43 and youth migrate in search of a
Page 51 and 52: 45 the northern transition zone whe
Page 53 and 54: 47 As regards decentralised environ
Page 55 and 56: 49 These three are not mutually exc
Page 57 and 58: 51 4.2 Output 2: ‘Potential alter
Page 59 and 60: 53 It requires District departments
Page 61 and 62: 55 government will strengthen natio
Page 63 and 64: 57 4.2.5 Entry Points for research
Page 65 and 66: 59 6. This information should also
Page 67 and 68: 61 The final output of this compone
Page 69 and 70: 63 4.3 Output 3: ‘Increased aware
Page 71 and 72: 65 4.3 Comparison between planned a
Page 73 and 74: 67 The statistics used here were si
Page 75 and 76: 69 5.1.2 Study sites " In the north
Page 77 and 78: 71 Geography, University of Ghana,
Page 79 and 80: 73 6. Environmental Assessment 6.1
Page 81 and 82: 75 7. Contribution of Outputs As a
Page 83 and 84:
77 The District administration is a
Page 85 and 86:
CN00/057: ‘Poverty dimensions of
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81 Activities: Milestones: Budget:
Page 89 and 90:
Annex 1: 1 Annex 1: A brief history
Page 91 and 92:
Annex 1: 3 At both state farms the
Page 93 and 94:
Annex 1: 5 and knowledge. Thus, ong
Page 95 and 96:
Annex 1: 7 Regions, originally to t
Page 97 and 98:
Annex 1: 9 • Rights of spouses. W
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Annex 1: 11 Table 1.3 Sources of me
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Annex 1: 13 reflected in the larger
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Figure 1.2 (continued) Annex 1: 15
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Annex 1: 17 User rights in land bec
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Annex 1: 19 1.2.4 Migrants’ Acces
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1.4 Supplementary livelihoods Annex
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Annex 2: 1 Annex 2: Cropping system
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Annex 2: 3 Table 2.1 Distribution o
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Annex 2: 5 Table 2.2 Crops cultivat
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Annex 2: 7 Table 2.3 Percentage of
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Annex 2: 9 Given the abundance of l
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Annex 2: 11 Table 2.6 Fallow interv
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Annex 2: 13 Table 2.8 Usage of inpu
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Annex 2: 15 2.5 Case studies 2.5.1
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Annex 2: 17 around Ejura, for insta
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Annex 2: 19 Given recent dramatic c
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Annex 2: 21 This capacity for adapt
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Annex 2: 23 Table 2.11 Tree varieti
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Annex 2: 25 Within charcoal produci
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Annex 2: 27 cocoa, which was plante
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Annex 2: 29 interest to the researc
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Annex 3: 1 Annex 3: Managing the En
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Annex 3: 3 for local government bas
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Figure 3.1: Structure of the Distri
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Annex 3: 7 and a functioning secret
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Annex 3: 9 The Forestry Service has
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Annex 3: 11 council, their mandate
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Annex 3: 13 the needs of their cons
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Annex 3: 15 Given the poor linkages
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Annex 3: 17 transport the charcoal.
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Annex 3: 19 produced from live tree
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Annex 3: 21 does the extent of thei
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Annex 3: 23 1978, the PNDC formed P
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Annex 3: 25 ! Integrating sector pl
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Annex 3: 27 (13 districts) = 22 By
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Annex 3: 29 argue, the reforms are
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Appendix to Annex 3: 2 administrati
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Appendix to Annex 3: 4 The overall
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Appendix to Annex 3: 6 i. Problems
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Appendix to Annex 3: 8 c) Tradition
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Annex 4: 1 Annex 4: The Way Forward
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Annex 4: 3 4.1.1 Institutional mech
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Annex 4: 5 be submitted to the dist
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Annex 4: 7 and tractor ploughing, t
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Annex 4: 9 4.4 The Proposed Program
Page 189 and 190:
Annex 4: 11 To cover the second of
Page 191 and 192:
Annex 4: 13 Coursey, D.H. (1976) "T
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