Poverty Dimensions of Public Governance and Forest Management ...

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Annex 2: 22 Decline in yam production systems have been predicted for a long time, largely premised on the need of yam varieties for good quality soils, long fallows, and trees as live stakes or stake poles. This decline has not materialised and yam production has rather been commercialised. Innovations in yam production system have been based on the selection of more robust, drought resistant species that can tolerate less fertile soils (or are less heavy feeders); complex intercropping systems which maximise the cropping from one piece of land before it is fallowed; and careful land management strategies, which assure that land for yam cultivation is allowed to sufficiently regenerate. 2.6 Fallow tree resources and agriculture In the environmental policy literature for Ghana, the Brong Ahafo region is frequently portrayed as a zone prone to desertification in which savanna is advancing and forest retreating, largely as a result of human intervention and farming practices. This literature makes no attempt to differentiate the diversity of environments within Brong Ahafo, and the different tree resources which exist in the area. Two basic types of tree formations exist in the area: dry semi-deciduous forest and savanna woodland. While the former dominates in the south of the transition zone it also occurs in riverine areas as gallery forests and on the sites of old settlements, such as at Jensoso . Within the southern area mosaics of savanna grassland and parkland also exist which may reflect relicts of earlier transformations of the environment, or which may relate to edaphic features. Distinct tree species characterise these two formations. Those in the woodland areas tend to be smaller, numerous, robust, more drought-resistant, fire resistant and able to regenerate from coppice regrowth, root shoots and suckers ( Basset and Boutrais, 2000; Fairhead and Leach, 1998). Those in the semi-deciduous forest areas are often larger, taller, less numerous, more vulnerable to fire and other stresses and less able to regenerate from coppice and root shoots. In both areas trees are valued by farmers in bush fallowing systems as playing important roles on farm. Most farmers preserve some tree varieties on their farms. In the parkland environments the most commonly preserved trees on farms include Danielli olivieri, Vitallaria paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Terminalia glaucescens, Anogeissus leiocarpa , Afzelia africana, Khaya senagalensis and Margaritaria discoidea. Daniellia oliveri is recognised by farmers as having a favourable impact on soils and on crops planted in its vicinity. V. paradoxa and P. biglobosa are important for their fruits and oil extracts. Within the yam farming belts these tree resources are important for staking yams and yam farms are made in areas with large densities of small trees..
Annex 2: 23 Table 2.11 Tree varieties preserved on farm plots Settlement Tree species preserved in farm Weila Mansie Subinso Nsawkaw- Kokoago Buoko land Tanoso- Njau Total (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Daniella olivieri 24 31 35 49 . . Vitallaria paradoxa 79 28 19 25 . 28 Parkia biglobosa 26 29 35 17 3 . 19 Anogeissus leiocarpa ? 17 15 17 13 7 12 Terminalia glaucescens . 16 8 4 14 6 8 Pterocarpus erinaceus . 10 11 8 6 2 7 Margaritaria discoidea . 7 13 6 31 7 12 Borassus aethiopum . 1 11 . . 22 5 Afzelia africana ? ? 5 13 2 5 ? Ceiba pentandra . 6 6 11 17 27 11 Khaya grandifoliola . 7 6 13 9 2 8 Cola gigantea . . 1 1 19 44 10 Milicia excelsa ? 3 1 8 9 14 ? Triplochiton scleroxylon, . . 1 6 11 8 5 Spathodea campanulata . 4 4 1 9 11 4 Vitex doniana . 1 1 2 16 4 4 Antiaris toxicaria . . 1 3 8 13 4 Alstonia boonei . . . . 7 4 2 Terminalia superba . 3 . . 4 3 1 No of farm plots 112 96 171 189 139 108 815 In the semi-deciduous forest zone the most commonly preserved trees include Ceiba pentrandra, Cola gigantea, Milicia excelsa, Triplochiton scleroxylon, Antiaris toxicaria Terminalia sp., Afzelia africana, Khaya grandifoliola, Vitex doniana, Margaritaria discoidea and Alstonia boonei. The most commonly preserved species tend to be pioneer species, which are often the most robust and fastest growing species in the semi-deciduous forest. While there are many important timber resources in this forest farmers do not have rights to these trees or to royalties from their exploitation.
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Final Technical Report: NRSP Projec
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acro
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ANNEXES ANNEX 1: A Brief History of
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Abbreviations and Acronyms AgGDP CF
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3 3. The ways in which multiple sta
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5 Underpinning the study is a conce
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7 4. Outputs This study is of a res
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9 Figure 4.1 The Brong Ahafo Region
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11 3. Recent disputes over charcoal
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13 ! The local interests which can
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15 The first purpose of this report
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17 ! Where densities are higher, th
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19 In recent years, new factors hav
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21 4.1.8 Main circuits for land acq
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23 With the increasing commodificat
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25 In many instances, the relations
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27 environment. The framework of na
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29 Table 4. 5 Distribution of crops
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31 4.1.13 Agricultural intensificat
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33 economy may also have unforeseen
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35 Table 4.7 Usage of inputs and me
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37 In the more northerly yam farmin
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39 4.1.17 Farmer adaptation and inn
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41 Systems perspectives have domina
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43 and youth migrate in search of a
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45 the northern transition zone whe
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47 As regards decentralised environ
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49 These three are not mutually exc
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51 4.2 Output 2: ‘Potential alter
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53 It requires District departments
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55 government will strengthen natio
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57 4.2.5 Entry Points for research
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59 6. This information should also
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61 The final output of this compone
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63 4.3 Output 3: ‘Increased aware
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65 4.3 Comparison between planned a
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67 The statistics used here were si
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69 5.1.2 Study sites " In the north
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71 Geography, University of Ghana,
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73 6. Environmental Assessment 6.1
Page 81 and 82: 75 7. Contribution of Outputs As a
Page 83 and 84: 77 The District administration is a
Page 85 and 86: CN00/057: ‘Poverty dimensions of
Page 87 and 88: 81 Activities: Milestones: Budget:
Page 89 and 90: Annex 1: 1 Annex 1: A brief history
Page 91 and 92: Annex 1: 3 At both state farms the
Page 93 and 94: Annex 1: 5 and knowledge. Thus, ong
Page 95 and 96: Annex 1: 7 Regions, originally to t
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1: 9 • Rights of spouses. W
Page 99 and 100: Annex 1: 11 Table 1.3 Sources of me
Page 101 and 102: Annex 1: 13 reflected in the larger
Page 103 and 104: Figure 1.2 (continued) Annex 1: 15
Page 105 and 106: Annex 1: 17 User rights in land bec
Page 107 and 108: Annex 1: 19 1.2.4 Migrants’ Acces
Page 109 and 110: 1.4 Supplementary livelihoods Annex
Page 111 and 112: Annex 2: 1 Annex 2: Cropping system
Page 113 and 114: Annex 2: 3 Table 2.1 Distribution o
Page 115 and 116: Annex 2: 5 Table 2.2 Crops cultivat
Page 117 and 118: Annex 2: 7 Table 2.3 Percentage of
Page 119 and 120: Annex 2: 9 Given the abundance of l
Page 121 and 122: Annex 2: 11 Table 2.6 Fallow interv
Page 123 and 124: Annex 2: 13 Table 2.8 Usage of inpu
Page 125 and 126: Annex 2: 15 2.5 Case studies 2.5.1
Page 127 and 128: Annex 2: 17 around Ejura, for insta
Page 129 and 130: Annex 2: 19 Given recent dramatic c
Page 131: Annex 2: 21 This capacity for adapt
Page 135 and 136: Annex 2: 25 Within charcoal produci
Page 137 and 138: Annex 2: 27 cocoa, which was plante
Page 139 and 140: Annex 2: 29 interest to the researc
Page 141 and 142: Annex 3: 1 Annex 3: Managing the En
Page 143 and 144: Annex 3: 3 for local government bas
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3.1: Structure of the Distri
Page 147 and 148: Annex 3: 7 and a functioning secret
Page 149 and 150: Annex 3: 9 The Forestry Service has
Page 151 and 152: Annex 3: 11 council, their mandate
Page 153 and 154: Annex 3: 13 the needs of their cons
Page 155 and 156: Annex 3: 15 Given the poor linkages
Page 157 and 158: Annex 3: 17 transport the charcoal.
Page 159 and 160: Annex 3: 19 produced from live tree
Page 161 and 162: Annex 3: 21 does the extent of thei
Page 163 and 164: Annex 3: 23 1978, the PNDC formed P
Page 165 and 166: Annex 3: 25 ! Integrating sector pl
Page 167 and 168: Annex 3: 27 (13 districts) = 22 By
Page 169 and 170: Annex 3: 29 argue, the reforms are
Page 171 and 172: Appendix to Annex 3: 2 administrati
Page 173 and 174: Appendix to Annex 3: 4 The overall
Page 175 and 176: Appendix to Annex 3: 6 i. Problems
Page 177 and 178: Appendix to Annex 3: 8 c) Tradition
Page 179 and 180: Annex 4: 1 Annex 4: The Way Forward
Page 181 and 182: Annex 4: 3 4.1.1 Institutional mech
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Annex 4: 5 be submitted to the dist
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Annex 4: 7 and tractor ploughing, t
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Annex 4: 9 4.4 The Proposed Program
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Annex 4: 11 To cover the second of
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Annex 4: 13 Coursey, D.H. (1976) "T
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