Poverty Dimensions of Public Governance and Forest Management ...

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18 farming methods and inputs at Kokoago has led to equally high rates of short fallows. Low land pressures are not necessarily associated with long fallows (for example, at Kokoago 39 percent of farmers use short fallows of 1-2 years and at Subinso 23 percent of farmers used 1-2 year fallows). In the settlements in the parkland zone where yam farming is of prime importance, short fallows are rare (only 5 percent of Nsawkaw , 10 percent of Weila and 14 percent of Mansie farm plots were previously fallowed for short periods of 1-2 years). There also seems to be some evidence of matching crops to land and to fallow intervals on the land. This is reflected in the high percentages of monocrop cassava grown with short fallows and the high percentages of yam (usually intercropped with cassava) grown with medium-long fallows (see Figure 4.2 and Table 4.2). However, there is no direct correlation between cropping and fallow systems, since many farmers have sufficient land to allow for fallows of at least 3-6 years. Factors other than soil restoration are also important in decisions as to length of fallows, including build up of pests and weeds in the soil. This is a critical influence on yam production methods, for example. 4.1.6 Population and Land Tenure Land tenure regimes in the Brong Ahafo are conditioned by its comparatively low population densities. Two distinct regimes are evident, corresponding to the variable ecology: 1. Family lands system: In the high forest areas, considerable labour needs to be invested in land clearance. Once land has been cleared, there are pressures to maintain it, and a family land system is likely to develop. ‘Intensification’ of this type is not necessarily the result of land shortage as such, but rather reflects the impact of labour constraints on farmer decision making. 2. Bush fallow system: Woodland areas are not so difficult to clear of their woody biomass, though grasses can be problematic. The thinner organic matter of the parkland soils needs to be tilled and organic matter built up. Labour intensive mounding techniques have been developed. Such areas are prone to dry season bush fires, however, and under these conditions, a store of invested labour cannot be easily maintained within the cleared fallows. The major labour inputs are not in transforming woody vegetation, but in tilling the savanna soils. Farmers move freely from area to area within the lands where their settlement claims rights of ownership, clearing the most suitable regenerated land for their yam farms. 18
19 In recent years, new factors have come into play and these have resulted in a growing incidence of individual and family land. • As land pressure builds up, with the influx of migrant farmers and migrant labourers, this leads to a consolidation of holdings under family tenure. While land is still in relative surplus, individuals tend to intensify on well-placed plots, in order to avoid having to travel far from the settlement to gain good land. • Mechanised tilling requires heavy investment in preparation, and thus also increases interest in existing farm plots. • Investment in woody perennials, such as cashew and teak, creates a two-fold interest in sedenterisation of farm holdings; most obviously, in terms of the plantation itself, but also because, Figure 4.2 Fallow intervals 70 60 50 40 30 fallow duration continuous cropping 20 1-2 years fallow 3-6 years fallow 10 7-10 years fallow n o 0 Weila Mansie Subinso Nsawkaw-Tanoso-Njau Kokoago Buoko more than 10 years fallow 19
Page 1 and 2: Final Technical Report: NRSP Projec
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acro
Page 5 and 6: ANNEXES ANNEX 1: A Brief History of
Page 7 and 8: Abbreviations and Acronyms AgGDP CF
Page 9 and 10: 3 3. The ways in which multiple sta
Page 11 and 12: 5 Underpinning the study is a conce
Page 13 and 14: 7 4. Outputs This study is of a res
Page 15 and 16: 9 Figure 4.1 The Brong Ahafo Region
Page 17 and 18: 11 3. Recent disputes over charcoal
Page 19 and 20: 13 ! The local interests which can
Page 21 and 22: 15 The first purpose of this report
Page 23: 17 ! Where densities are higher, th
Page 27 and 28: 21 4.1.8 Main circuits for land acq
Page 29 and 30: 23 With the increasing commodificat
Page 31 and 32: 25 In many instances, the relations
Page 33 and 34: 27 environment. The framework of na
Page 35 and 36: 29 Table 4. 5 Distribution of crops
Page 37 and 38: 31 4.1.13 Agricultural intensificat
Page 39 and 40: 33 economy may also have unforeseen
Page 41 and 42: 35 Table 4.7 Usage of inputs and me
Page 43 and 44: 37 In the more northerly yam farmin
Page 45 and 46: 39 4.1.17 Farmer adaptation and inn
Page 47 and 48: 41 Systems perspectives have domina
Page 49 and 50: 43 and youth migrate in search of a
Page 51 and 52: 45 the northern transition zone whe
Page 53 and 54: 47 As regards decentralised environ
Page 55 and 56: 49 These three are not mutually exc
Page 57 and 58: 51 4.2 Output 2: ‘Potential alter
Page 59 and 60: 53 It requires District departments
Page 61 and 62: 55 government will strengthen natio
Page 63 and 64: 57 4.2.5 Entry Points for research
Page 65 and 66: 59 6. This information should also
Page 67 and 68: 61 The final output of this compone
Page 69 and 70: 63 4.3 Output 3: ‘Increased aware
Page 71 and 72: 65 4.3 Comparison between planned a
Page 73 and 74: 67 The statistics used here were si
Page 75 and 76:
69 5.1.2 Study sites " In the north
Page 77 and 78:
71 Geography, University of Ghana,
Page 79 and 80:
73 6. Environmental Assessment 6.1
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75 7. Contribution of Outputs As a
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77 The District administration is a
Page 85 and 86:
CN00/057: ‘Poverty dimensions of
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81 Activities: Milestones: Budget:
Page 89 and 90:
Annex 1: 1 Annex 1: A brief history
Page 91 and 92:
Annex 1: 3 At both state farms the
Page 93 and 94:
Annex 1: 5 and knowledge. Thus, ong
Page 95 and 96:
Annex 1: 7 Regions, originally to t
Page 97 and 98:
Annex 1: 9 • Rights of spouses. W
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Annex 1: 11 Table 1.3 Sources of me
Page 101 and 102:
Annex 1: 13 reflected in the larger
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 1.2 (continued) Annex 1: 15
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Annex 1: 17 User rights in land bec
Page 107 and 108:
Annex 1: 19 1.2.4 Migrants’ Acces
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1.4 Supplementary livelihoods Annex
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Annex 2: 1 Annex 2: Cropping system
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Annex 2: 3 Table 2.1 Distribution o
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Annex 2: 5 Table 2.2 Crops cultivat
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Annex 2: 7 Table 2.3 Percentage of
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Annex 2: 9 Given the abundance of l
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Annex 2: 11 Table 2.6 Fallow interv
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Annex 2: 13 Table 2.8 Usage of inpu
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Annex 2: 15 2.5 Case studies 2.5.1
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Annex 2: 17 around Ejura, for insta
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Annex 2: 19 Given recent dramatic c
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Annex 2: 21 This capacity for adapt
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Annex 2: 23 Table 2.11 Tree varieti
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Annex 2: 25 Within charcoal produci
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Annex 2: 27 cocoa, which was plante
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Annex 2: 29 interest to the researc
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Annex 3: 1 Annex 3: Managing the En
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Annex 3: 3 for local government bas
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Figure 3.1: Structure of the Distri
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Annex 3: 7 and a functioning secret
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Annex 3: 9 The Forestry Service has
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Annex 3: 11 council, their mandate
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Annex 3: 13 the needs of their cons
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Annex 3: 15 Given the poor linkages
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Annex 3: 17 transport the charcoal.
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Annex 3: 19 produced from live tree
Page 161 and 162:
Annex 3: 21 does the extent of thei
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Annex 3: 23 1978, the PNDC formed P
Page 165 and 166:
Annex 3: 25 ! Integrating sector pl
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Annex 3: 27 (13 districts) = 22 By
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Annex 3: 29 argue, the reforms are
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Appendix to Annex 3: 2 administrati
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Appendix to Annex 3: 4 The overall
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Appendix to Annex 3: 6 i. Problems
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Appendix to Annex 3: 8 c) Tradition
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Annex 4: 1 Annex 4: The Way Forward
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Annex 4: 3 4.1.1 Institutional mech
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Annex 4: 5 be submitted to the dist
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Annex 4: 7 and tractor ploughing, t
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Annex 4: 9 4.4 The Proposed Program
Page 189 and 190:
Annex 4: 11 To cover the second of
Page 191 and 192:
Annex 4: 13 Coursey, D.H. (1976) "T
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