Poverty Dimensions of Public Governance and Forest Management ...

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20 Table 4.2 Fallow intervals in cropping systems Percentage of plots under different fallowing intervals in different cropping systems Cropping system Continuous Cropping 1-2 years fallow 3-6 years fallow 7-10 years fallow over 10 years fallow No. of farm Plots Yam-cassava 1 12 36 36 15 113 Yam-maize . 13 67 13 7 15 Yam-cassava-maize (%) . 8 58 29 . 24 Maize-cassava 2 22 46 22 9 46 Sole maize 3 29 47 10 11 62 Sole groundnut . 26 44 18 13 39 Cassava-groundnut . 29 49 15 7 41 Sole cassava . 42 42 12 4 26 by taking land out of the fallow system, it diminishes the available area and increases pressures to secure rights to farm land. Paradoxically, therefore, it is the introduction of new technologies which have created pressures for change in the tenure system in the Brong Ahafo, not the incompatibility of increasing population densities with traditional swidden systems. 4.1.7 Population and land tenure The low population densities of the Brong Ahafo are reflected in the land tenure systems. Only 2% of plots (n.816) were cultivated under share cropping arrangements. Sharecropping is concentrated in the semi-deciduous forest settlement of Buoku, where 11% of all farm plots are farmed in this way. Land hiring and leasing are generally relatively rare; only 6% of farmers lease land, though this spreads across all ecological zones. 20
21 4.1.8 Main circuits for land acquisition These include: ! Family land - land on which families claim rights through constant cultivation, including the right to pass land on by inheritance. ! Rights of spouses - usually due to women working on land made available by their husbands, on marriage. ! Clearance rights over community land - individual rights claimed through ‘first clearance’; these may be converted into family land over time. ! User rights - rights temporarily ceded to another farmer for use, and acknowledged through some sort of token payment. ! Rights given by chiefs - usually to migrants, without existing rights; some prestation has to be made to the chief, as wall an annual payment, probably in cash and kind. ! Hiring of land – leasing of land for monetary rents; this becomes more attractive as land becomes scarcer - rights given by chiefs may well gradually be converted into leaseholds in such situations; the land may be hired for one year or more, depending on the cropping cycle; ! Sharecropping – also emerges with increasing scarcity of land, and is more common than leasing in the semi-deciduous forest areas; sharecropping arrangements in the Brong Ahafo are mostly of the abunu and abusa type (respectively, the landlord retaining a half or third of the production), possibly in the same farm or even (as applied to different crops) field. ! Squatting – is found on state farms and forest reserves. The dominant forms of land access in the study areas are evident from Figure 4.3 and Table 4.3. From these it will be seen that: a) About 50% of farmers gain access to land through family ties. b) In the northern transition zone, farmers can also gain access to uncultivated community/stool land (20% have access to community land; see particularly Weila and Mansie). c) Clearing uncultivated bush is also fairly common in Nsawkaw, less so in Subinso, though this may reflect the high proportion of migrants in the latter settlement. d) Women often gain access to land through spouses or affines. e) 14% of women in the sample gained land through their spouses or affines, though there is significant local variation in this, with the highest proportions in the land abundant northern settlements. f) Women’s dependence on their spouses is primarily a reflection of access to labour; women in the northern areas, lack access to sufficient labour for land clearance, and are forced to make 21
Page 1 and 2: Final Technical Report: NRSP Projec
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Acro
Page 5 and 6: ANNEXES ANNEX 1: A Brief History of
Page 7 and 8: Abbreviations and Acronyms AgGDP CF
Page 9 and 10: 3 3. The ways in which multiple sta
Page 11 and 12: 5 Underpinning the study is a conce
Page 13 and 14: 7 4. Outputs This study is of a res
Page 15 and 16: 9 Figure 4.1 The Brong Ahafo Region
Page 17 and 18: 11 3. Recent disputes over charcoal
Page 19 and 20: 13 ! The local interests which can
Page 21 and 22: 15 The first purpose of this report
Page 23 and 24: 17 ! Where densities are higher, th
Page 25: 19 In recent years, new factors hav
Page 29 and 30: 23 With the increasing commodificat
Page 31 and 32: 25 In many instances, the relations
Page 33 and 34: 27 environment. The framework of na
Page 35 and 36: 29 Table 4. 5 Distribution of crops
Page 37 and 38: 31 4.1.13 Agricultural intensificat
Page 39 and 40: 33 economy may also have unforeseen
Page 41 and 42: 35 Table 4.7 Usage of inputs and me
Page 43 and 44: 37 In the more northerly yam farmin
Page 45 and 46: 39 4.1.17 Farmer adaptation and inn
Page 47 and 48: 41 Systems perspectives have domina
Page 49 and 50: 43 and youth migrate in search of a
Page 51 and 52: 45 the northern transition zone whe
Page 53 and 54: 47 As regards decentralised environ
Page 55 and 56: 49 These three are not mutually exc
Page 57 and 58: 51 4.2 Output 2: ‘Potential alter
Page 59 and 60: 53 It requires District departments
Page 61 and 62: 55 government will strengthen natio
Page 63 and 64: 57 4.2.5 Entry Points for research
Page 65 and 66: 59 6. This information should also
Page 67 and 68: 61 The final output of this compone
Page 69 and 70: 63 4.3 Output 3: ‘Increased aware
Page 71 and 72: 65 4.3 Comparison between planned a
Page 73 and 74: 67 The statistics used here were si
Page 75 and 76: 69 5.1.2 Study sites " In the north
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71 Geography, University of Ghana,
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73 6. Environmental Assessment 6.1
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75 7. Contribution of Outputs As a
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77 The District administration is a
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CN00/057: ‘Poverty dimensions of
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81 Activities: Milestones: Budget:
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Annex 1: 1 Annex 1: A brief history
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Annex 1: 3 At both state farms the
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Annex 1: 5 and knowledge. Thus, ong
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Annex 1: 7 Regions, originally to t
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Annex 1: 9 • Rights of spouses. W
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Annex 1: 11 Table 1.3 Sources of me
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Annex 1: 13 reflected in the larger
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Figure 1.2 (continued) Annex 1: 15
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Annex 1: 17 User rights in land bec
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Annex 1: 19 1.2.4 Migrants’ Acces
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1.4 Supplementary livelihoods Annex
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Annex 2: 1 Annex 2: Cropping system
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Annex 2: 3 Table 2.1 Distribution o
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Annex 2: 5 Table 2.2 Crops cultivat
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Annex 2: 7 Table 2.3 Percentage of
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Annex 2: 9 Given the abundance of l
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Annex 2: 11 Table 2.6 Fallow interv
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Annex 2: 13 Table 2.8 Usage of inpu
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Annex 2: 15 2.5 Case studies 2.5.1
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Annex 2: 17 around Ejura, for insta
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Annex 2: 19 Given recent dramatic c
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Annex 2: 21 This capacity for adapt
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Annex 2: 23 Table 2.11 Tree varieti
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Annex 2: 25 Within charcoal produci
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Annex 2: 27 cocoa, which was plante
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Annex 2: 29 interest to the researc
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Annex 3: 1 Annex 3: Managing the En
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Annex 3: 3 for local government bas
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Figure 3.1: Structure of the Distri
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Annex 3: 7 and a functioning secret
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Annex 3: 9 The Forestry Service has
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Annex 3: 11 council, their mandate
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Annex 3: 13 the needs of their cons
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Annex 3: 15 Given the poor linkages
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Annex 3: 17 transport the charcoal.
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Annex 3: 19 produced from live tree
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Annex 3: 21 does the extent of thei
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Annex 3: 23 1978, the PNDC formed P
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Annex 3: 25 ! Integrating sector pl
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Annex 3: 27 (13 districts) = 22 By
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Annex 3: 29 argue, the reforms are
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Appendix to Annex 3: 2 administrati
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Appendix to Annex 3: 4 The overall
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Appendix to Annex 3: 6 i. Problems
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Appendix to Annex 3: 8 c) Tradition
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Annex 4: 1 Annex 4: The Way Forward
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Annex 4: 3 4.1.1 Institutional mech
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Annex 4: 5 be submitted to the dist
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Annex 4: 7 and tractor ploughing, t
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Annex 4: 9 4.4 The Proposed Program
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Annex 4: 11 To cover the second of
Page 191 and 192:
Annex 4: 13 Coursey, D.H. (1976) "T
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