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Traits Associated with Invasiveness in Alien Plants: Where Do we Stand? 99 and better communication among researchers. Powerful computing facilities and statistical techniques also contributed to fairly promising results in some studies, which in turn probably stimulated further work. Kolar and Lodge (2001) analyzed 16 invasion studies each containing at least 20 plant or animal species, and concluded that sound generalizations have emerged. Gilpin (1990) pointed out that there is pattern in the available data on invasions, and suggested that further efforts in the study of invasions should be self-consciously statistical. If ecologists are unable to predict outcomes of individual cases, then they should focus on uncovering broader, general ecological patterns (Cadotte et al. 2006b). 7.2 Comparative Analyses of Multispecies Datasets: Every Picture Tells a Story 7.2.1 Methodological Approaches: what is Being Compared? Can plant invasions be explained and predicted based on the traits of invading species? Has there been real progress, or are we floundering as much as we were 20 years ago? The aim of the present paper is to reassess the potential of studies seeking for plant traits that determine species invasiveness, and to identify such plant characteristics. To achieve this, we need to deal with research approaches first. Just as invasions are notoriously idiosyncratic, so too are the approach methodologies that have been applied to study them. Multispecies comparative studies need to be classified according to the approach, type of comparison, scale and data character, including measures of occurrence of the species present (Table 7.1). The 18 studies summarized in Table 7.2 use some measure of the occurrence of alien species in the invaded territory, or the presence of aliens and native species as response variables, and explain these by using plant traits. In our analysis, we concentrate on species biological, ecological and physiological traits. We excluded distributional characteristics of alien plants such as the size of native ranges, although such variables are clearly among the best predictors of invasiveness (Rejmánek 1996, 2000). Size of the occupied range is certainly a convenient measure of ecological versatility (Prinzing et al. 2002), but this characteristic results from the interplay of “primary” biological, ecological and physiological traits, and finding a significant link between range size and invasiveness does not tell us much about what traits a plant needs to become a successful invader. To adopt the correct approach to this issue (column A in Table 7.1), the question being asked needs to be clearly defined (Hamilton et al. 2005). The
100 P. Pysšek and D.M. Richardson Table 7.1 Classification of research strategies for multispecies comparative studies of species traits A. Approach B. Comparison C. Scale D. Data character b E. Occurrence measures F. Analytical methods 1. Target-area 1. Native–alien 1. Local/habitat 1. Inventory (>80 % of species) 1. Presence 1. Simple comparison 2. Source-area 2. Alien–alien a 2. Regional 2. Database (20–80 % of species) 2. Abundance/frequency 2. Phylogenetic corrections 3. Continental 3. Species list (
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Ecological Studies,Vol. 193 Analysi
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W. Nentwig (Ed.) Biological Invasio
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Preface Yet another book on “Biol
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Contents 1 Biological Invasions: wh
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Contents 5 Waterways as Invasion Hi
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Contents Section III Patterns of In
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Contents Section IV Ecological Impa
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Contents 16.5.1 Genetic Differentia
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Contents XVII 19.4.5 Scenario Devel
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Contents XIX 23 Pros and Cons of Bi
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XXII Contributors Buschmann, Holger
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XXIV Contributors Nentwig, Wolfgang
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1 Biological Invasions: why it Matt
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Biological Invasions: why it Matter
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Biological Invasions: why it Matter
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Section I Pathways of Biological In
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2 Pathways in Animal Invasions Wolf
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 13 Ser
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 15 and
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 17 hou
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 19 (Eq
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 21 wat
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 23 2.3
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 25 adv
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 27 Lon
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30 I. Kowarik and M. von der Lippe
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40 3.4.2.1 Adhesion to Vehicles I.
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42 3.4.3 Role of Living Conveyers I
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Page 159 and 160: Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
Page 161 and 162: 148 M.L. Brooks ment practices desi
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154 M.L. Brooks native plants, as d
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156 M.L. Brooks methods used to rem
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158 9.4.2 Effects of Vegetation Man
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160 M.L. Brooks potential associate
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162 M.L. Brooks Schmidt W (1989) Pl
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164 M. Scherer-Lorenzen, H. Olde Ve
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182 I. Kühn and S. Klotz who provi
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184 11.3 Case Studies on Ecosystem
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186 I. Kühn and S. Klotz fore, und
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188 I. Kühn and S. Klotz home soil
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190 I. Kühn and S. Klotz evolution
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192 I. Kühn and S. Klotz Similarly
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194 I. Kühn and S. Klotz To increa
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196 I. Kühn and S. Klotz Mack MC,
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198 W. Thuiller, D.M. Richardson, a
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Section IV Ecological Impact of Bio
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216 Section IV · Short Introductio
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218 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes proce
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220 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes can i
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222 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Table
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224 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes tem p
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226 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes speci
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228 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Table
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230 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes these
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232 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes (Micr
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234 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes ogist
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236 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Geesi
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14 Biological Invasions by Marine J
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Biological Invasions by Marine Jell
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258 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin al. 20
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260 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin (Grand
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262 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin and C.
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264 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin others
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266 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin presen
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268 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin Straye
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270 References B. Baur and S. Schmi
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272 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin Riccia
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16 Hybridization and Introgression
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Hybridization and Introgression Bet
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17 Genetically Modified Organisms a
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Section V Economy and Socio-Economy
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18 Plant, Animal, and Microbe Invas
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Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive
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19 Socio-Economic Impact and Assess
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Socio-Economic Impact and Assessmen
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Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
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354 J. Touza, K. Dehnen-Schmutz, an
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368 G. J. Hallman thought to be due
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370 G. J. Hallman (WTO), and, there
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372 G. J. Hallman literature to des
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374 21.3.2 Phytosanitary Treatments
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376 G. J. Hallman foliage, even tho
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378 G. J. Hallman initiated, and th
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380 G. J. Hallman Fig. 21.1 Boxes o
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382 G. J. Hallman tosanitary treatm
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384 G. J. Hallman Jones WW, Holzman
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386 P. Genovesi invasive alien spec
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388 100000 Area of islands successf
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390 P. Genovesi ing all the removal
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392 P. Genovesi efficacy of removal
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394 P. Genovesi 11 years (Panzacchi
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396 22.2.6 Human Dimensions P. Geno
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398 P. Genovesi delayed by lengthy
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400 P. Genovesi Acknowledgements. F
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402 P. Genovesi Panzacchi M, Bertol
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404 23.2 Pros of Biological Control
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406 D. Babendreier pods, agents rel
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408 D. Babendreier strated that par
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410 D. Babendreier In addition to t
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412 D. Babendreier As another facto
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414 D. Babendreier has attracted co
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416 D. Babendreier conducting caref
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418 D. Babendreier Michaud JP (2002
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420 W. Nentwig widely accepted that
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422 to minimize the spread of alien
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Subject Index A Abies grandis 334 a
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Subject Index 427 bird 5, 22, 130-1
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Subject Index 429 cost-benefit 339,
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Subject Index 431 fallow deer 19 fa
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Subject Index 433 inbreeding depres
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Subject Index 435 Murdannia 118 Mus
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Subject Index 437 potato 361 poultr
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Subject Index 439 Sirex noctillo 33
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Subject Index 441 - table 92, 225,
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