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Pathways in Plant Invasions 31 The Romans transferred a broad array of cereals and other useful plants within their empire (Franz 1984). Castanea sativa may have started spreading at this time, but its dispersal has been promoted mostly by further cultivation since medieval times (Conedera et al. 2004). Charlemagne’s decree Capitulare de villis, in 812 AD, enhanced the use of introduced, mainly Mediterranean plants, far beyond the northern limits of their ranges (Franz 1984). In the post-Columbian period, the number and efficiency of deliberate introductions greatly increased due to the magnitude of intercontinental transfer of organisms (Crosby 1986). The temporal sequence of introductions from different donor areas to Central Europe echoes the history of voyages and discoveries, as illustrated by woody plant introductions to Central Europe (Fig. 3.1a). At a regional scale, the sequence of invasions follows the pattern of infra- and intercontinental introductions (Fig. 3.1b), with an exceedingly variable lag phase which averaged 170 years for trees and 131 for shrubs (Kowarik 1995). As global commerce grows, the frequency of introductions of ornamentals to new areas will continue to increase. A huge potential exists, for example, for importing thousands of previously unavailable Chinese species to the United States (Mack 2001). Ornamentation is the predominant purpose for introducing plant species, as shown by American plant introductions to Europe (Forman 2003) or the non-native species of the Czech flora which were introduced deliberately: 74 % were ornamentals, 22 % nutritional plants, 14 % medicinal plants, 11 % fodder plants, 6 % were used for landscaping, 5 % as bee plants, and all less than 2 % each as forest crops or oil, dye and fibre plants (Pyšek et al. 2002). In recent decades, the relative importance of intentional introductions has increased at the infra- and intercontinental scale, as advances in seed cleaning and quarantine measures reduced the efficiency of accidental pathways (Mack and Lonsdale 2001). 3.2.1 Introduction Mode and Invasion Success Global transfer of goods and people has also fostered the unintentional transport of “hitchhiking” plants. As was illustrated early by the seminal Flore adventice de Montpellier (Thellung 1912), accidental introductions may dominate the regional non-native species pool but are clearly less important among the naturalised species (Table 3.2). This also holds at a greater spatialtemporal scale, as for post-1500 introductions to the Czech Republic (Table 3.1) and especially for most recent introductions. Among those nownaturalised species first recorded in Australia between 1971 and 1995, only 2 % are known to be accidental introductions (Mack and Lonsdale 2001). Both accidental and deliberate introductions contribute to the group of non-native species with detrimental effects. At a landscape scale, the importance of the introduction mode varies strongly. About one-half of the 50
32 I. Kowarik and M. von der Lippe a b Fig. 3.1a, b Temporal sequence of a woody plant introductions from different donor areas to Central Europe and of b successive invasions by species from the same donor areas in Brandenburg, Germany, reflecting the history of infra- and intercontinental introductions at a regional scale. The inserted columns in a show absolute numbers of introductions from A parts of Europe excluding the Mediterranean, B the Mediterranean, C western Asia, D North America, E Central Asia and F East Asia. The cumulative curves illustrate the relative importance of introductions from different donor areas for
Page 1 and 2: Ecological Studies,Vol. 193 Analysi
Page 3 and 4: W. Nentwig (Ed.) Biological Invasio
Page 5 and 6: Preface Yet another book on “Biol
Page 7 and 8: Contents 1 Biological Invasions: wh
Page 9 and 10: Contents 5 Waterways as Invasion Hi
Page 11 and 12: Contents Section III Patterns of In
Page 13 and 14: Contents Section IV Ecological Impa
Page 15 and 16: Contents 16.5.1 Genetic Differentia
Page 17 and 18: Contents XVII 19.4.5 Scenario Devel
Page 19 and 20: Contents XIX 23 Pros and Cons of Bi
Page 21 and 22: XXII Contributors Buschmann, Holger
Page 23 and 24: XXIV Contributors Nentwig, Wolfgang
Page 25 and 26: 1 Biological Invasions: why it Matt
Page 27 and 28: Biological Invasions: why it Matter
Page 29 and 30: Biological Invasions: why it Matter
Page 31 and 32: Section I Pathways of Biological In
Page 33 and 34: 2 Pathways in Animal Invasions Wolf
Page 35 and 36: Pathways in Animal Invasions 13 Ser
Page 37 and 38: Pathways in Animal Invasions 15 and
Page 39 and 40: Pathways in Animal Invasions 17 hou
Page 41 and 42: Pathways in Animal Invasions 19 (Eq
Page 43 and 44: Pathways in Animal Invasions 21 wat
Page 45 and 46: Pathways in Animal Invasions 23 2.3
Page 47 and 48: Pathways in Animal Invasions 25 adv
Page 49 and 50: Pathways in Animal Invasions 27 Lon
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Page 61 and 62: 40 3.4.2.1 Adhesion to Vehicles I.
Page 63 and 64: 42 3.4.3 Role of Living Conveyers I
Page 69 and 70: 4 Is Ballast Water a Major Dispersa
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Page 95 and 96: Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
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Page 99 and 100: 82 6.2 Hypotheses to Explain Biolog
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86 R.A. Hufbauer and M.E. Torchin l
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88 R.A. Hufbauer and M.E. Torchin (
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90 R.A. Hufbauer and M.E. Torchin i
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92 R.A. Hufbauer and M.E. Torchin h
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94 R.A. Hufbauer and M.E. Torchin B
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96 R.A. Hufbauer and M.E. Torchin T
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98 P. Pysšek and D.M. Richardson a
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100 P. Pysšek and D.M. Richardson
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114 7.3.1 Assumptions for Congeneri
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122 References P. Pysšek and D.M.
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8 Do Successful Invaders Exist? Pre
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 129 F
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 131 l
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 133 T
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 135 a
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 137 b
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 139 m
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 141 R
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Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
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148 M.L. Brooks ment practices desi
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150 M.L. Brooks direct additions to
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152 M.L. Brooks lerberg 1998, 2002;
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154 M.L. Brooks native plants, as d
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156 M.L. Brooks methods used to rem
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158 9.4.2 Effects of Vegetation Man
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160 M.L. Brooks potential associate
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162 M.L. Brooks Schmidt W (1989) Pl
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164 M. Scherer-Lorenzen, H. Olde Ve
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182 I. Kühn and S. Klotz who provi
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184 11.3 Case Studies on Ecosystem
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186 I. Kühn and S. Klotz fore, und
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188 I. Kühn and S. Klotz home soil
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190 I. Kühn and S. Klotz evolution
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192 I. Kühn and S. Klotz Similarly
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194 I. Kühn and S. Klotz To increa
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196 I. Kühn and S. Klotz Mack MC,
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198 W. Thuiller, D.M. Richardson, a
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Section IV Ecological Impact of Bio
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216 Section IV · Short Introductio
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218 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes proce
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220 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes can i
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222 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Table
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224 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes tem p
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226 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes speci
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228 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Table
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230 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes these
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232 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes (Micr
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234 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes ogist
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236 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Geesi
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14 Biological Invasions by Marine J
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Biological Invasions by Marine Jell
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258 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin al. 20
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260 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin (Grand
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262 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin and C.
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264 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin others
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266 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin presen
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268 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin Straye
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270 References B. Baur and S. Schmi
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272 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin Riccia
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16 Hybridization and Introgression
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Hybridization and Introgression Bet
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17 Genetically Modified Organisms a
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Section V Economy and Socio-Economy
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18 Plant, Animal, and Microbe Invas
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Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive
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19 Socio-Economic Impact and Assess
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Socio-Economic Impact and Assessmen
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Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
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354 J. Touza, K. Dehnen-Schmutz, an
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368 G. J. Hallman thought to be due
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370 G. J. Hallman (WTO), and, there
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372 G. J. Hallman literature to des
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374 21.3.2 Phytosanitary Treatments
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376 G. J. Hallman foliage, even tho
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378 G. J. Hallman initiated, and th
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380 G. J. Hallman Fig. 21.1 Boxes o
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382 G. J. Hallman tosanitary treatm
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384 G. J. Hallman Jones WW, Holzman
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386 P. Genovesi invasive alien spec
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388 100000 Area of islands successf
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390 P. Genovesi ing all the removal
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392 P. Genovesi efficacy of removal
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394 P. Genovesi 11 years (Panzacchi
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396 22.2.6 Human Dimensions P. Geno
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398 P. Genovesi delayed by lengthy
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400 P. Genovesi Acknowledgements. F
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402 P. Genovesi Panzacchi M, Bertol
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404 23.2 Pros of Biological Control
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406 D. Babendreier pods, agents rel
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408 D. Babendreier strated that par
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410 D. Babendreier In addition to t
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412 D. Babendreier As another facto
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414 D. Babendreier has attracted co
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416 D. Babendreier conducting caref
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418 D. Babendreier Michaud JP (2002
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420 W. Nentwig widely accepted that
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422 to minimize the spread of alien
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Subject Index A Abies grandis 334 a
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Subject Index 427 bird 5, 22, 130-1
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Subject Index 429 cost-benefit 339,
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Subject Index 431 fallow deer 19 fa
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Subject Index 433 inbreeding depres
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Subject Index 435 Murdannia 118 Mus
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Subject Index 437 potato 361 poultr
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Subject Index 439 Sirex noctillo 33
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Subject Index 441 - table 92, 225,
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