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Traits Associated with Invasiveness in Alien Plants: Where Do we Stand? 125 Sutherland S (2004) What makes a weed a weed: life history traits of native and exotic plants in the USA. Oecologia 141:24–39 Thébaud C, Simberloff D (2001) Are plants really larger in their introduced ranges? Am Nat 157:231–236 Thompson K (1994) Predicting the fate of temperate species in response to human disturbance and global change. In: Boyle TJB, Boyle CEB (eds) Biodiversity, temperate ecosystems and global change. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 61–76 Thompson K, Band SR, Hodgson JG (1993) Seed size and shape predict persistence in soil. Funct Ecol 7:236–241 Thompson K, Hodgson JG, Rich TCG (1995) Native and alien invasive plants: more of the same? Ecography 18:390–402 Timmins SM, Williams PA (1987) Characteristics of problem weeds in New Zealand’s protected natural areas. In: Saunders DA, Arnold G, Burbidge A, Hopkins A (eds) Nature conservation: the role of remnants of native vegetation. Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton, pp 241–247 Williamson M (1993) Invaders, weeds and the risk from genetically manipulated organisms. Experientia 49:219–224 Williamson MH, Fitter A (1996) The characters of successful invaders. Biol Conserv 78:163–170
8 Do Successful Invaders Exist? Pre-Adaptations to Novel Environments in Terrestrial Vertebrates Daniel Sol 8.1 Introduction Central in invasion biology is to understand why alien species, whose initial populations are generally small and genetically depleted, can succeed to establish themselves in environments to which they have had no opportunity to adapt (Sax and Brown 2000). This paradox is usually resolved by invoking pre-adaptations of non-indigenous species to novel environments. The idea is that some species are successful invaders because they have attributes that pre-adapt them to survive and reproduce in novel environments (Mayr 1965). However, do we really have evidence that there exist properties of successful invaders? The goal of this chapter is to evaluate to what extent establishment success of terrestrial vertebrates may be understood by the existence of pre-adaptations of species to novel environments. This implies answering two interrelated questions: (1) do species differ in their invasion potential? And if so, (2) what are the features of the species that identify some as successful invaders? Answering these questions is important not only to fully understand how animals respond to new environmental conditions, but also to help identify and prevent situations where the risk is high that a species becomes established and causes ecological impact when introduced in a novel region. 8.2 Framework A population is considered to be established when it is able to develop a selfsustaining population, that is, a population that is maintained over time by reproduction without the need of additional introductions. To become estab- Ecological Studies,Vol. 193 W. Nentwig (Ed.) Biological Invasions © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007
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Ecological Studies,Vol. 193 Analysi
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W. Nentwig (Ed.) Biological Invasio
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Preface Yet another book on “Biol
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Contents 1 Biological Invasions: wh
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Contents 5 Waterways as Invasion Hi
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Contents Section III Patterns of In
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Contents Section IV Ecological Impa
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Contents 16.5.1 Genetic Differentia
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Contents XVII 19.4.5 Scenario Devel
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Contents XIX 23 Pros and Cons of Bi
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XXII Contributors Buschmann, Holger
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XXIV Contributors Nentwig, Wolfgang
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1 Biological Invasions: why it Matt
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Biological Invasions: why it Matter
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Biological Invasions: why it Matter
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Section I Pathways of Biological In
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2 Pathways in Animal Invasions Wolf
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 13 Ser
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 15 and
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 17 hou
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 19 (Eq
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 21 wat
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 23 2.3
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 25 adv
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 27 Lon
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30 I. Kowarik and M. von der Lippe
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40 3.4.2.1 Adhesion to Vehicles I.
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42 3.4.3 Role of Living Conveyers I
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4 Is Ballast Water a Major Dispersa
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Is Bllast Water a Major Dispersal M
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60 B.S. Galil, S. Nehring, and V. P
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Page 159 and 160: Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
Page 161 and 162: 148 M.L. Brooks ment practices desi
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180 M. Scherer-Lorenzen, H. Olde Ve
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182 I. Kühn and S. Klotz who provi
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184 11.3 Case Studies on Ecosystem
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186 I. Kühn and S. Klotz fore, und
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188 I. Kühn and S. Klotz home soil
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190 I. Kühn and S. Klotz evolution
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192 I. Kühn and S. Klotz Similarly
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194 I. Kühn and S. Klotz To increa
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196 I. Kühn and S. Klotz Mack MC,
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198 W. Thuiller, D.M. Richardson, a
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Section IV Ecological Impact of Bio
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216 Section IV · Short Introductio
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218 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes proce
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220 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes can i
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222 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Table
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224 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes tem p
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226 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes speci
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228 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Table
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230 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes these
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232 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes (Micr
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234 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes ogist
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236 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Geesi
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14 Biological Invasions by Marine J
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Biological Invasions by Marine Jell
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258 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin al. 20
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260 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin (Grand
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262 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin and C.
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264 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin others
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266 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin presen
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268 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin Straye
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270 References B. Baur and S. Schmi
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272 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin Riccia
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16 Hybridization and Introgression
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Hybridization and Introgression Bet
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17 Genetically Modified Organisms a
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Genetically Modified Organisms as I
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Section V Economy and Socio-Economy
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18 Plant, Animal, and Microbe Invas
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Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive
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19 Socio-Economic Impact and Assess
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Socio-Economic Impact and Assessmen
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Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
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354 J. Touza, K. Dehnen-Schmutz, an
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368 G. J. Hallman thought to be due
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370 G. J. Hallman (WTO), and, there
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372 G. J. Hallman literature to des
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374 21.3.2 Phytosanitary Treatments
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376 G. J. Hallman foliage, even tho
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378 G. J. Hallman initiated, and th
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380 G. J. Hallman Fig. 21.1 Boxes o
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382 G. J. Hallman tosanitary treatm
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384 G. J. Hallman Jones WW, Holzman
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386 P. Genovesi invasive alien spec
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388 100000 Area of islands successf
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390 P. Genovesi ing all the removal
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392 P. Genovesi efficacy of removal
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394 P. Genovesi 11 years (Panzacchi
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396 22.2.6 Human Dimensions P. Geno
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398 P. Genovesi delayed by lengthy
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400 P. Genovesi Acknowledgements. F
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402 P. Genovesi Panzacchi M, Bertol
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404 23.2 Pros of Biological Control
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406 D. Babendreier pods, agents rel
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408 D. Babendreier strated that par
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410 D. Babendreier In addition to t
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412 D. Babendreier As another facto
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414 D. Babendreier has attracted co
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416 D. Babendreier conducting caref
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418 D. Babendreier Michaud JP (2002
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420 W. Nentwig widely accepted that
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422 to minimize the spread of alien
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Subject Index A Abies grandis 334 a
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Subject Index 427 bird 5, 22, 130-1
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Subject Index 429 cost-benefit 339,
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Subject Index 431 fallow deer 19 fa
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Subject Index 433 inbreeding depres
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Subject Index 435 Murdannia 118 Mus
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Subject Index 437 potato 361 poultr
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Subject Index 439 Sirex noctillo 33
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Subject Index 441 - table 92, 225,
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