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292 C.R. Largiadèr Randi E, Lucchini V (2002) Detecting rare introgression of domestic dog genes into wild wolf (Canis lupus) populations by Bayesian admixture analyses of microsatellite variation. Conserv Gen 3:31–45 Rhymer JM, Simberloff D (1996) Extinction by hybridization and introgression. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 27:83–109 Rhymer JM, Williams MJ, Braun MJ (1994) Mitochondrial analysis of gene flow between New-Zealand mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and grey ducks (A. superciliosa). Auk 111:970–978 Rieseberg LH (1997) Hybrid origins of plant species. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 28:359–389 Riley SPD, Shaffer HB, Voss SR, Fitzpatrick BM (2003) Hybridization between a rare, native tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) and its introduced congener. Ecol Appl 13:1263–1275 Sagvik J, Uller T, Olsson M (2005) Outbreeding depression in the common frog, Rana temporaria. Conserv Gen 6:205–211 Scribner KT, Page KS, Bartron ML (2000) Hybridization in freshwater fishes: a review of case studies and cytonuclear methods of biological inference. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 10:293–323 Tautz D (1989) Hypervariability of Simple Sequences as a general source for polymorphic DNA markers. Nucleic Acids Res 17:6463–6471 Utter F (2000) Patterns of subspecific anthropogenic introgression in two salmonid genera. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 10:265–279 Vilà C, Walker C, Sundqvist AK, Flagstad O, Andersone Z, Casulli A, Kojola I, Valdmann H, Halverson J, Ellegren H (2003) Combined use of maternal, paternal and biparental genetic markers for the identification of wolf-dog hybrids. Heredity 90:17–24 Vilà M, Weber E, D’Antonio CM (2000) Conservation implications of invasion by plant hybridization. Biol Invasions 2:207–217 Williams CL, Brust RC, Fendley TT, Tiller GR, Rhodes OE (2005) A comparison of hybridization between mottled ducks (Anas fulvigula) and mallards (A. platyrhynchos) in Florida and South Carolina using microsatellite DNA analysis. Conserv Gen 6:445–453 Wolf DE, Takebayashi N, Rieseberg LH (2001) Predicting the risk of extinction through hybridization. Conserv Biol 15:1039–1053
17 Genetically Modified Organisms as Invasive Species? Rosie Hails and Tracey Timms-Wilson 17.1 Introduction The release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is a controversial subject. Some perceive it to be the single most important development in biology since the discovery of natural selection. Others are concerned that the movement of genes with no reference to natural species boundaries could pose new ecological risks. One conjectural risk is that transgenes will either cause the host species to become invasive or they will escape from the original host species and cause other species to become invasive. Gene flow between species occurs naturally, although the frequency varies within and across kingdoms. Such gene flow is responsible for creating new combinations of genes, with the potential for introgression or speciation. Hybridisation has been proposed as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in plants (Ellstrand and Schierenbeck 2000), suggesting that new combinations can create genotypes with different, and perhaps surprising ecological behaviours. Do transgenes pose particular risks in this respect? Is it possible to predict the probability that transgenes will cause invasiveness in recipient organisms? 17.2 Quantitative Measures of Invasion Risk To answer this question, we present a quantitative framework for the estimation of the probability of invasiveness. The risk assessment of genetically modified organisms has adapted approaches developed for pesticides and other potentially toxic substances in the environment. In its simplest form, quantifying risk involves estimating the expression of toxicity and the likeli- Ecological Studies,Vol. 193 W. Nentwig (Ed.) Biological Invasions © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007
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Ecological Studies,Vol. 193 Analysi
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W. Nentwig (Ed.) Biological Invasio
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Preface Yet another book on “Biol
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Contents 1 Biological Invasions: wh
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Contents 5 Waterways as Invasion Hi
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Contents Section III Patterns of In
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Contents Section IV Ecological Impa
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Contents 16.5.1 Genetic Differentia
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Contents XVII 19.4.5 Scenario Devel
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Contents XIX 23 Pros and Cons of Bi
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XXII Contributors Buschmann, Holger
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XXIV Contributors Nentwig, Wolfgang
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1 Biological Invasions: why it Matt
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Biological Invasions: why it Matter
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Biological Invasions: why it Matter
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Section I Pathways of Biological In
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2 Pathways in Animal Invasions Wolf
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 13 Ser
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 15 and
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 17 hou
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 19 (Eq
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 21 wat
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 23 2.3
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 25 adv
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 27 Lon
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30 I. Kowarik and M. von der Lippe
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40 3.4.2.1 Adhesion to Vehicles I.
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42 3.4.3 Role of Living Conveyers I
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4 Is Ballast Water a Major Dispersa
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Is Bllast Water a Major Dispersal M
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Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
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80 R.A. Hufbauer and M.E. Torchin s
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82 6.2 Hypotheses to Explain Biolog
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84 R.A. Hufbauer and M.E. Torchin e
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88 R.A. Hufbauer and M.E. Torchin (
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98 P. Pysšek and D.M. Richardson a
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100 P. Pysšek and D.M. Richardson
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114 7.3.1 Assumptions for Congeneri
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122 References P. Pysšek and D.M.
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8 Do Successful Invaders Exist? Pre
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 129 F
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 131 l
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 133 T
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 135 a
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 137 b
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 139 m
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 141 R
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148 M.L. Brooks ment practices desi
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150 M.L. Brooks direct additions to
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152 M.L. Brooks lerberg 1998, 2002;
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154 M.L. Brooks native plants, as d
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156 M.L. Brooks methods used to rem
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158 9.4.2 Effects of Vegetation Man
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160 M.L. Brooks potential associate
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162 M.L. Brooks Schmidt W (1989) Pl
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164 M. Scherer-Lorenzen, H. Olde Ve
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182 I. Kühn and S. Klotz who provi
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184 11.3 Case Studies on Ecosystem
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186 I. Kühn and S. Klotz fore, und
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188 I. Kühn and S. Klotz home soil
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190 I. Kühn and S. Klotz evolution
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192 I. Kühn and S. Klotz Similarly
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194 I. Kühn and S. Klotz To increa
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196 I. Kühn and S. Klotz Mack MC,
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198 W. Thuiller, D.M. Richardson, a
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Section IV Ecological Impact of Bio
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216 Section IV · Short Introductio
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218 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes proce
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220 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes can i
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222 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Table
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224 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes tem p
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226 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes speci
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228 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Table
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230 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes these
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232 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes (Micr
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234 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes ogist
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236 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Geesi
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Socio-Economic Impact and Assessmen
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354 J. Touza, K. Dehnen-Schmutz, an
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368 G. J. Hallman thought to be due
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370 G. J. Hallman (WTO), and, there
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372 G. J. Hallman literature to des
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374 21.3.2 Phytosanitary Treatments
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376 G. J. Hallman foliage, even tho
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378 G. J. Hallman initiated, and th
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380 G. J. Hallman Fig. 21.1 Boxes o
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382 G. J. Hallman tosanitary treatm
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384 G. J. Hallman Jones WW, Holzman
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386 P. Genovesi invasive alien spec
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388 100000 Area of islands successf
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390 P. Genovesi ing all the removal
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392 P. Genovesi efficacy of removal
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394 P. Genovesi 11 years (Panzacchi
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396 22.2.6 Human Dimensions P. Geno
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398 P. Genovesi delayed by lengthy
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400 P. Genovesi Acknowledgements. F
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402 P. Genovesi Panzacchi M, Bertol
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404 23.2 Pros of Biological Control
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406 D. Babendreier pods, agents rel
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408 D. Babendreier strated that par
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410 D. Babendreier In addition to t
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412 D. Babendreier As another facto
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414 D. Babendreier has attracted co
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416 D. Babendreier conducting caref
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418 D. Babendreier Michaud JP (2002
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420 W. Nentwig widely accepted that
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422 to minimize the spread of alien
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Subject Index A Abies grandis 334 a
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Subject Index 427 bird 5, 22, 130-1
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Subject Index 429 cost-benefit 339,
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Subject Index 431 fallow deer 19 fa
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Subject Index 433 inbreeding depres
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Subject Index 435 Murdannia 118 Mus
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Subject Index 437 potato 361 poultr
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Subject Index 439 Sirex noctillo 33
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Subject Index 441 - table 92, 225,
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