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250<br />

14.8 Conclusions<br />

W.M. Graham and K.M. Bayha<br />

Due to a few noteworthy cases described in this chapter, jellyfish have gained<br />

notoriety as potentially invasive animals. In fact, when one considers the<br />

physiological, ecological, and life-history traits of jellyfish (i.e., rapid growth,<br />

asexual propagation, intensive predators, crypsis, and morphological plasticity),<br />

this make them almost perfectly suited as invasive organisms. Yet, the<br />

limited examples presented here reflect the paucity of information we have<br />

regarding rates of jellyfish invasions in marine ecosystems. The likelihood<br />

remains that many invasions of jellyfish have gone undetected. Perhaps the<br />

greater concern should be that, until appropriate techniques and taxonomic<br />

appreciation are further developed, many more invasions by jellyfish will<br />

occur in the future.<br />

Acknowledgements. While we owe the body of this work to numerous researchers, we<br />

especially appreciate communications and collaborations with T.F. Bolton, M.N. Dawson,<br />

G.R. Harbison, and A.E. Kideys. Funds in support of the authors’ own research were provided<br />

by the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium (WMG), and Sigma Xi GIAR<br />

(KMB).<br />

References<br />

Agassiz L (1860) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America,<br />

vol 3. Little, Brown & Co, Boston<br />

Bayha KM (2005) The molecular systematics and population genetics of four coastal<br />

ctenophores and scyphozoan jellyfish of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. PhD<br />

Dissertation, The University of Delaware, Newark<br />

Bayha KM, Harbison GR, McDonald JH, Gaffney PM (2004) Preliminary investigation on<br />

the molecular systematics of the invasive ctenophore Beroe ovata. In: Dumont H,<br />

Shiganova TA, Niermann U (eds) Aquatic invasions in the Black, Caspian and<br />

Mediterranean Seas. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 167–176<br />

Bilio M, Niermann U (2004) Is the comb jelly really to blame for it all? Mnemiopsis leidyi<br />

and the ecological concerns about the Caspian Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 269:173–183<br />

Bolton TF, Graham WM (2004) Morphological variation among populations of an invasive<br />

jellyfish. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 278:125–139<br />

Bolton TF, Graham WM (2006) Jellyfish on the rocks: bioinvasion threat of the international<br />

trade in aquarium live rock. Biol Invasions 8:651–653<br />

Calder DR, Burrell VG Jr (1967) Occurrence of Moerisia lyonsi (Limnomedusae, Moerisiidae)<br />

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Calder DR, Burrell VG Jr (1969) Brackish water hydromedusa Maeotias inexpectata in<br />

North America. Nature 222:694–695<br />

Carlton JT (1996) Biological invasions and cryptogenic species. Ecology. 77:1652–1655<br />

Carlton JT, Geller JB (1993) Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous<br />

marine organisms. Science 261:78–82

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