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VIII
Contents
3 Pathways in Plant Invasions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Ingo Kowarik and Moritz von der Lippe
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Introductions to a New Range: Relative Role
of Deliberate Versus Accidental Transfer of Species . . . . . 30
3.2.1 Introduction Mode and Invasion Success . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.2 Coinciding Pathways of Deliberate
and Accidental Introductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.3 Invasions at the Infra-Specific Level
Through Deliberate Introductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3 Deliberate Secondary Releases Within the New Range . . . . 35
3.3.1 Cultivation as a Driver in Plant Invasions . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.2 From Clumped to Linear Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.4 Accidental Transfer of Non-Target Species . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.4.1 Transfer by Goods: Spatial-Temporal Separation
of Propagule Transport and Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4.2 Direct Association with Vehicles: Coincidence
of Transport and Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.2.1 Adhesion to Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.2 Transport Routes: from Patterns to Processes . . . . . . . . 40
3.4.3 Role of Living Conveyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4 Is Ballast Water a Major Dispersal Mechanism
for Marine Organisms? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Stephan Gollasch
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.3 Relative Vector Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.4 Ballast Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.5 Risk-Reducing Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.6 Ballast Water Management Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56