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Contents<br />

Section IV<br />

Ecological Impact of Biological Invasions<br />

XIII<br />

Short Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215<br />

Wolfgang Nentwig<br />

13 Impacts of Invasive Species on Ecosystem Services . . . . . 217<br />

Heather Charles and Jeffrey S. Dukes<br />

13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217<br />

13.2 Relating Costs of Invasives to Valuation<br />

of Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218<br />

13.2.1 Valuing Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218<br />

13.2.2 Interpreting Invasive Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220<br />

13.3 Mechanisms of Alteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223<br />

13.3.1 Species Extinctions and Community Structure . . . . . . . . 223<br />

13.3.2 Energy, Nutrient, and Water Cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224<br />

13.3.3 Disturbance Regime, Climate, and Physical Habitat . . . . . 225<br />

13.4 Which Ecosystems Are at Risk and Which Invasives<br />

Have the Greatest Impact? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226<br />

13.5 Case Studies and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229<br />

13.5.1 Provisioning Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229<br />

13.5.2 Regulating Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230<br />

13.5.3 Cultural Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231<br />

13.5.4 Supporting Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232<br />

13.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235<br />

14 Biological Invasions by Marine Jellyfish . . . . . . . . . . . 239<br />

William M. Graham and Keith M. Bayha<br />

14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239<br />

14.2 Ctenophores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240<br />

14.2.1 Mnemiopsis leidyi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240<br />

14.2.2 Beroë ovata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241<br />

14.3 Medusae (Cnidaria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242<br />

14.3.1 Phyllorhiza punctata (Scyphozoa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242<br />

14.3.2 Cassiopea andromeda (Scyphozoa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243<br />

14.3.3 Rhopilema nomadica (Scyphozoa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244<br />

14.3.4 Aurelia spp. (Scyphozoa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

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