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Contents
10.3.3.1 Spatial Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.3.3.2 Observational Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
10.3.3.3 Nutrient Addition Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
10.3.4 Interaction of N Deposition with Other Drivers
of Environmental Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
10.4 Future Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
11 From Ecosystem Invasibility to Local, Regional
and Global Patterns of Invasive Species . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Ingolf Kühn and Stefan Klotz
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
11.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
11.3 Case Studies on Ecosystem Invasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
11.4 Scale Dependence of Invasibility and the Importance
of Environmental Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
11.5 Local, Regional and Global Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
11.6 Scale-Dependent Consequences for Biodiversity
of Invaded Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
11.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
12 Will Climate Change Promote Alien Plant Invasions? . . . . 197
Wilfried Thuiller, David M. Richardson,
and Guy F. Midgley
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
12.2 Current and Emerging Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
12.2.1 Elevated Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
12.2.1.1 Observations and Experimental Findings . . . . . . . . . . . 201
12.2.1.2 Future Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
12.2.2 Changing Climate with Respect to Temperature and Rainfall 203
12.2.3 Future Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
12.2.4 Other Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
12.2.5 Increased Fire Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
12.3 Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208