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XVIII<br />

Contents<br />

21.3.2.2 Heated Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376<br />

21.3.2.3 Hydrogen Cyanide Fumigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377<br />

21.3.2.4 Methyl Bromide Fumigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377<br />

21.3.2.5 Phosphine Fumigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378<br />

21.3.2.6 Sulfuryl Fluoride Fumigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378<br />

21.3.2.7 Hot Water Immersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379<br />

21.3.2.8 Pesticidal Dips or Sprays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379<br />

21.3.2.9 Ionizing Irradiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379<br />

21.3.2.10 Miscellaneous Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380<br />

21.3.2.11 Researched but not yet Applied Treatments . . . . . . . . . . 381<br />

21.4 Future Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382<br />

22 Limits and Potentialities of Eradication as a Tool<br />

for Addressing Biological Invasions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385<br />

Piero Genovesi<br />

22.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385<br />

22.1.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385<br />

22.1.2 History and Recent Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386<br />

22.1.3 Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388<br />

22.2 Key Elements of Eradications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389<br />

22.2.1 Biological Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389<br />

22.2.2 Lag Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390<br />

22.2.3 Removal Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391<br />

22.2.4 Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393<br />

22.2.5 Legal and Organizational Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394<br />

22.2.6 Human Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396<br />

22.3 Management Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397<br />

22.3.1 How to Plan an Eradication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397<br />

22.3.2 Rapid Response to New Invasions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397<br />

22.3.3 Planning the Eradication of Established Populations . . . . 398<br />

22.3.4 Legal-Organizational Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398<br />

22.3.5 Removal Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399<br />

22.3.6 Eradication vs. Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399<br />

22.3.7 Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399<br />

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

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