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416<br />

D. Babendreier<br />

conducting careful and well-balanced analyses of potential risks and benefits<br />

for biological control projects in the future, keeping in mind that all plant protection<br />

methods as well as the ‘doing nothing’ strategy bear risks and benefits<br />

which all need to be evaluated and weighed up against each other. Clearly, the<br />

value of such analyses much depends on our knowledge on the potential for<br />

non-target effects as well as on the potential benefits. It further depends on<br />

our scale of rating of risks. In view of the current shift towards a ‘risk-free<br />

world’ and overly stringent regulations, there might even be a risk that<br />

promising agents will not be developed because the potential of non-target<br />

effects is judged too high.<br />

References<br />

Alyokhin A, Sewell G (2004) Changes in a lady beetle community following the establishment<br />

of three alien species. Biol Invasions 6:463–471<br />

Babendreier D, Kuske S, Bigler F (2003a) Parasitism of non-target butterflies by Trichogramma<br />

brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) under field<br />

cage and field conditions. Biol Control 26:139–145<br />

Babendreier D, Schoch D, Kuske S, Dorn S, Bigler F (2003b) Non-target habitat exploitation<br />

by Trichogramma brassicae (Hym. Trichogrammatidae): what are the risks for<br />

endemic butterflies? Agric Forest Entomol 5:199–208<br />

Babendreier D, Bigler F, Kuhlmann U (2005) Methods used to assess non-target effects of<br />

invertebrate biological control agents of arthropod pests. BioControl 50:821–870<br />

Barron MC, Barlow ND, Wratten SD (2003) Non-target parasitism of the endemic New<br />

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introduced braconid wasps to Pieris virginiensis, a native woodland butterfly in New<br />

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biological control agents in European countries. Biocontrol News Information, 10 pp<br />

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biological control of arthropods: methods and risk assessment. CABI, Wallingford,<br />

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Brown MW, Miller SS (1998) Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in apple orchards of eastern<br />

West Virginia and the impact of invasion by Harmonia axyridis. Entomol News<br />

109:143–151<br />

Colunga-Garcia M, Gage SH (1998) Arrival, establishment, and habitat use of the multicolored<br />

Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in a Michigan landscape. Environ<br />

Entomol 27:1574–1580<br />

Elliott N, Kieckhefer R, Kauffman W (1996) Effects of an invading coccinellid on native<br />

coccinellids in an agricultural landscape. Oecologia 105:537–544

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