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Traits Associated with Invasiveness in Alien Plants: Where Do we Stand? 101 target-area approach focuses on a pool of species that are alien to a region, and attributes the variation in their success to differences in their traits. It asks the question “what traits distinguish successful invaders from those aliens that have not invaded successfully?” (Hamilton et al. 2005). Alternatively, aliens in a target region can be compared with natives of that region. The target-area approach has been more commonly applied than the sourcearea approach (Table 7.2). The source-area approach (sensu Pyšek et al. 2004b) asks the question “do traits of species that become invasive from a geographic ‘source’ region differ from those species from the same region that fail to invade?” Such an approach can either identify traits that allow species to pass through early phases (i.e., transport and establishment) of the invasion process (Hamilton et al. 2005), or if factors associated with the chance of being transported are controlled for, provide relatively unbiased estimates of the role of traits associated with naturalization and invasion. The source-area approach is more convenient for identifying net effects of traits because it eliminates or reduces the bias and variation associated with different species origins, and pathways and distance of introduction. In this approach, it is crucial that geographic origin and size of the native range of source-pool species are taken into account, to eliminate these biases as much as possible (Pyšek et al. 2004b); otherwise, the life-history traits of invading species can be confused with environmental circumstances associated with dispersal. Unfortunately, the source area approach has been used in only three studies (Table 7.2). We believe that the main constraint to its wider use is not the lack of information on potential source pools, but rather the lack of knowledge on how these species are performing as invaders elsewhere. Native–alien comparisons (column B in Table 7.1) explore whether the traits of native species in a target area differ from those of alien species that invaded that area. It asks the question “what traits of the invading species enhance their potential to increase in abundance over native species?” (Hamilton et al. 2005). When interpreting the results of alien–native comparisons, one must bear in mind which aliens and which natives are being compared. Not all aliens spread (Richardson et al. 2000a), but some natives expand their ranges into human-made habitats, or increase in abundance and/or range following human-induced landscape changes (so-called apophytes, expansive species, see Pyšek et al. 2004a; Alpert et al. 2000). Thompson et al. (1995) compared invasive aliens with expanding natives, and concluded that while invasive species differ significantly from non-invasive species (Thompson 1994), the attributes of invasive aliens are not unique, but most are shared by expanding native species. Comparing these two groups may indicate whether being an alien alone exerts specific effects that are not seen in native expanding taxa (Leishman and Thompson 2005; Hamilton et al. 2005). Analogically, the alien–alien comparison of two or more invading alien congeners exhibiting different levels of invasiveness asks the question “what
102 P. Pysšek and D.M. Richardson Table 7.2 Overview of comparative studies of species traits and their effect on plant invasiveness, using large species numbers a Author Region of invasion/ source region Research strategy Species number Comparison Thompson et al. (1995) England, Scotland, Ireland, The Netherlands A1-B1-C2-D3-E1-F1 211 alien Target/invasive alien vs. expanding native Pyšek et al. (1995) Czech Republic A1-B12-C2-D3-E12-F1 132 alien Target/1. naturalized neophyte vs. native; 2. within alien Andersen (1995) Denmark A1-B12-C2-D3-E1-F1 93 alien, 40 native Target/1. alien with native; 2. alien in ruderal and seminatural habitats Crawley et al. (1996) British Isles A1-B1-C2-D1-E1-F2 1,169 alien Target/naturalized alien (incl. archaeophyte) vs. native Williamson and Fitter (1996) Great Britain A1-B1-C2-D1-E1-F1 1,777 native +alien Target/invasive alien vs. native Pyšek (1997) Central Europe A1-B1-C2-D2-E1-F2 2,223 native, 457 alien Pyšek (1997) New Zealand: Auckland Target/alien with native A1-B2-C2-D1-E14-F2 615 alien Target/within alien Goodwin et al. (1999) Canada: New Brunswick/Europe A2-B2-C2-D3-E1-F2 165 species pairs (invading+noninvading) Source/within alien Thébaud and Simberloff (2001) Europe, North America: A2-B2-C23-D2-E1-F1 651 alien Source/within California, Carolinas/reciprocal alien
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Ecological Studies,Vol. 193 Analysi
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W. Nentwig (Ed.) Biological Invasio
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Preface Yet another book on “Biol
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Contents 1 Biological Invasions: wh
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Contents 5 Waterways as Invasion Hi
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Contents Section III Patterns of In
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Contents Section IV Ecological Impa
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Contents 16.5.1 Genetic Differentia
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Contents XVII 19.4.5 Scenario Devel
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Contents XIX 23 Pros and Cons of Bi
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XXII Contributors Buschmann, Holger
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XXIV Contributors Nentwig, Wolfgang
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1 Biological Invasions: why it Matt
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Biological Invasions: why it Matter
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Biological Invasions: why it Matter
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Section I Pathways of Biological In
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2 Pathways in Animal Invasions Wolf
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 13 Ser
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 15 and
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 17 hou
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 19 (Eq
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 21 wat
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 23 2.3
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 25 adv
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Pathways in Animal Invasions 27 Lon
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30 I. Kowarik and M. von der Lippe
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40 3.4.2.1 Adhesion to Vehicles I.
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42 3.4.3 Role of Living Conveyers I
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Page 159 and 160: Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
Page 161 and 162: 148 M.L. Brooks ment practices desi
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156 M.L. Brooks methods used to rem
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158 9.4.2 Effects of Vegetation Man
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160 M.L. Brooks potential associate
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162 M.L. Brooks Schmidt W (1989) Pl
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164 M. Scherer-Lorenzen, H. Olde Ve
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182 I. Kühn and S. Klotz who provi
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184 11.3 Case Studies on Ecosystem
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186 I. Kühn and S. Klotz fore, und
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188 I. Kühn and S. Klotz home soil
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190 I. Kühn and S. Klotz evolution
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192 I. Kühn and S. Klotz Similarly
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194 I. Kühn and S. Klotz To increa
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196 I. Kühn and S. Klotz Mack MC,
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198 W. Thuiller, D.M. Richardson, a
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Section IV Ecological Impact of Bio
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216 Section IV · Short Introductio
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218 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes proce
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220 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes can i
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222 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Table
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224 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes tem p
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226 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes speci
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228 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Table
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230 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes these
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232 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes (Micr
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234 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes ogist
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236 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Geesi
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14 Biological Invasions by Marine J
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Biological Invasions by Marine Jell
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258 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin al. 20
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260 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin (Grand
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262 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin and C.
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264 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin others
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266 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin presen
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268 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin Straye
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270 References B. Baur and S. Schmi
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272 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin Riccia
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16 Hybridization and Introgression
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Hybridization and Introgression Bet
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17 Genetically Modified Organisms a
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Section V Economy and Socio-Economy
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18 Plant, Animal, and Microbe Invas
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Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive
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19 Socio-Economic Impact and Assess
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Socio-Economic Impact and Assessmen
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Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
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354 J. Touza, K. Dehnen-Schmutz, an
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368 G. J. Hallman thought to be due
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370 G. J. Hallman (WTO), and, there
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372 G. J. Hallman literature to des
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374 21.3.2 Phytosanitary Treatments
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376 G. J. Hallman foliage, even tho
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378 G. J. Hallman initiated, and th
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380 G. J. Hallman Fig. 21.1 Boxes o
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382 G. J. Hallman tosanitary treatm
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384 G. J. Hallman Jones WW, Holzman
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386 P. Genovesi invasive alien spec
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388 100000 Area of islands successf
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390 P. Genovesi ing all the removal
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392 P. Genovesi efficacy of removal
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394 P. Genovesi 11 years (Panzacchi
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396 22.2.6 Human Dimensions P. Geno
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398 P. Genovesi delayed by lengthy
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400 P. Genovesi Acknowledgements. F
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402 P. Genovesi Panzacchi M, Bertol
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404 23.2 Pros of Biological Control
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406 D. Babendreier pods, agents rel
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408 D. Babendreier strated that par
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410 D. Babendreier In addition to t
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412 D. Babendreier As another facto
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414 D. Babendreier has attracted co
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416 D. Babendreier conducting caref
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418 D. Babendreier Michaud JP (2002
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420 W. Nentwig widely accepted that
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422 to minimize the spread of alien
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Subject Index A Abies grandis 334 a
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Subject Index 427 bird 5, 22, 130-1
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Subject Index 429 cost-benefit 339,
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Subject Index 431 fallow deer 19 fa
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Subject Index 433 inbreeding depres
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Subject Index 435 Murdannia 118 Mus
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Subject Index 437 potato 361 poultr
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Subject Index 439 Sirex noctillo 33
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Subject Index 441 - table 92, 225,
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