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G. J. Hallman
tosanitary treatment that is being more heavily regulated because of its role as
a stratospheric ozone-depleting substance, alternatives to all of its phytosanitary
uses should be developed. Furthermore, it is desirable to have more than
one solution to any quarantine, in case some are rejected because of questions
about efficacy, an unacceptable side effect, excessive cost, unavailability, or
another unforeseen problem. To avoid creating unnecessary barriers to trade,
researchers should be careful when constructing host lists of pests, and give
extent of infestation and precise conditions under which a commodity has
been found to be a host.
One way to reduce the risk of invasive species through trade is to reduce the
amount of imported products, especially fresh ones that can support a greater
quantity and variety of invasive species.Although it is argued that present regulatory
controls preclude international trade from being a significant source of
invasive species, it is not known by what route the great majority of invasive
species became established, and the massive amount and variety of trade provide
abundant avenues for invasion. Voucher specimens of pests used in host
determinations and development of phytosanitary measures should be
deposited in a curated collection for future questions on identification.
The energy banker and author Matthew Simmons, who predicts very high
oil prices in the near future, says that off-season trade in fresh commodities
“will become a thing of the past” (Ward 2006). He argues that this would be
favorable because fresh produce that is shipped long distances is not of good
quality, and that increased supply and canning of locally grown produce,
picked at its optimum in flavor and nutrition, can more favorably fulfill our
nutritional needs than is the case for fresh imported produce that is often
picked well before its optimum stage of ripening in order to survive the long
trip to market (Goldman et al. 1999). Higher transportation costs will make
local farming more competitive by reducing competition from cheap
imported food, and could paradoxically help the rural poor of the world, most
of who are involved in farming (Lindskog 2005).
References
APHIS (2004) Mexican avocado import program. Federal Register 69:69747–69774
APHIS (2006) Treatments for fruits and vegetables. Federal Register 71:4451–4464
Armstrong JW (1986) Pest organism response to potential quarantine treatments. In:
Proc Regional Conf Plant Quarantine Support for Agricultural Development, 1985,
Serdang, Malaysia, pp 25–31
Armstrong JW (1994) Commodity resistance to infestation by quarantine pests. In:
Sharp JL, Hallman GJ (eds) Quarantine treatments for pests of food plants. Westview
Press, Boulder, pp 199–211
Aung LH, Leesch JG, Jenner JF, Grafton-Cardwell EE (2001) Effects of carbonyl sulfide,
methyl iodide, and sulfuryl fluoride on fruit toxicity and insect mortality. Ann Appl
Biol 139:93–100