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Waterways as Invasion Highways – Impact of Climate Change and Globalization 65 Fig. 5.2 Spread of the invasive Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea in German waterways: first findings, spreading direction, and locations of power stations over 2.5 million MWh (modified after Schöll 2000)
66 B.S. Galil, S. Nehring, and V. Panov (intensive shipping). Recently, D. polymorpha has become established along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, reaching high densities comparable with those reported for its native habitat. Indeed, only the higher salinity regime impedes its dispersal further westwards (Orlova and Panov 2004). Global warming may be instrumental in increasing the spread of warm-temperate alien aquatic species through the inland waterways of Europe. 5.5 Future of Waterways Transport In 1850, waterborne cargo through the Ludwig Canal amounted to 0.2 million t annually but, within a few decades, the transport of goods shifted to the railways, causing the rapid decline of this canal. We have no record of any alien species transferred between the Danube and Rhine rivers via the Ludwig Canal. Since its reopening in 1992, the cargo on the Main-Danube Canal increased from 2.4 million t in 1993 to 5.2 million t in 1999 (WSV 2005), subsequently slightly declining due to political instability in the Balkans. However, the rate of invasion remains constant: since 1992, an average of one Ponto-Caspian species a year arrives through the Main-Danube Canal and establishes a population in the Rhine and neighbouring basins.With the completion of the first round of the eastern enlargement of the EU, and the improvement of the political situation in the Balkans, there are expectations for greater waterborne trade volumes on the Main-Danube Canal, which can accommodate up to 18 million t annually. It is predicted that the inland waterway transport in Germany alone will increase by 43 % by 2015 (WSV 2005) and, based on past experience, this will entail a concomitant rise in the number of alien species spreading through this waterway. The volume of shipping along the “northern corridor” has increased to its pre-1990 level (20 million t of cargo annually, including crude oil), and is currently limited by poor upkeep of the system, including some derelict locks and waterways, and two strategic bottlenecks: the Azov-Caspian and Volga- Baltic waterways (UN 2005). Russia plans to integrate its waterway network into the European one, focusing on the Volga–Don–Danube corridor. The Russian network is due to open to international shipping by 2010. The expected increase in waterborne transport will doubtlessly be followed by a rise in the number of alien species in this cross-continental system of rivers, canals, lakes and inland seas. Policy and management should be aware that this increase in waterborne transport will facilitate the transfer of invasive species through the European web of inland waterways. Control and reduction of the dispersal of alien species may entail the installation of barriers such as deterrent electrical systems as well as chloride- or pH-altered locks (Clarkson 2004; Nehring 2005).
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Ecological Studies,Vol. 193 Analysi
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W. Nentwig (Ed.) Biological Invasio
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Preface Yet another book on “Biol
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Contents 1 Biological Invasions: wh
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Contents 5 Waterways as Invasion Hi
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Contents Section III Patterns of In
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Contents Section IV Ecological Impa
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Contents 16.5.1 Genetic Differentia
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Contents XVII 19.4.5 Scenario Devel
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Contents XIX 23 Pros and Cons of Bi
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XXII Contributors Buschmann, Holger
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XXIV Contributors Nentwig, Wolfgang
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1 Biological Invasions: why it Matt
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Biological Invasions: why it Matter
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Biological Invasions: why it Matter
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Section I Pathways of Biological In
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Page 51 and 52: 30 I. Kowarik and M. von der Lippe
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Page 95 and 96: Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
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118 P. Pysšek and D.M. Richardson
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122 References P. Pysšek and D.M.
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8 Do Successful Invaders Exist? Pre
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 129 F
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 131 l
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 133 T
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 135 a
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 137 b
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 139 m
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Do Successful Invaders Exist? 141 R
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Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
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148 M.L. Brooks ment practices desi
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150 M.L. Brooks direct additions to
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152 M.L. Brooks lerberg 1998, 2002;
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154 M.L. Brooks native plants, as d
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156 M.L. Brooks methods used to rem
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158 9.4.2 Effects of Vegetation Man
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160 M.L. Brooks potential associate
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162 M.L. Brooks Schmidt W (1989) Pl
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164 M. Scherer-Lorenzen, H. Olde Ve
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182 I. Kühn and S. Klotz who provi
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184 11.3 Case Studies on Ecosystem
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186 I. Kühn and S. Klotz fore, und
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188 I. Kühn and S. Klotz home soil
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190 I. Kühn and S. Klotz evolution
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192 I. Kühn and S. Klotz Similarly
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194 I. Kühn and S. Klotz To increa
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196 I. Kühn and S. Klotz Mack MC,
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198 W. Thuiller, D.M. Richardson, a
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Section IV Ecological Impact of Bio
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216 Section IV · Short Introductio
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218 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes proce
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220 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes can i
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222 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Table
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224 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes tem p
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226 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes speci
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228 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Table
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230 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes these
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232 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes (Micr
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234 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes ogist
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236 H. Charles and J.S. Dukes Geesi
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14 Biological Invasions by Marine J
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Biological Invasions by Marine Jell
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258 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin al. 20
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260 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin (Grand
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262 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin and C.
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264 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin others
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266 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin presen
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268 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin Straye
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270 References B. Baur and S. Schmi
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272 B. Baur and S. Schmidlin Riccia
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16 Hybridization and Introgression
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17 Genetically Modified Organisms a
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Section V Economy and Socio-Economy
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18 Plant, Animal, and Microbe Invas
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Plant,Animal, and Microbe Invasive
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19 Socio-Economic Impact and Assess
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Socio-Economic Impact and Assessmen
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Short Introduction Wolfgang Nentwig
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354 J. Touza, K. Dehnen-Schmutz, an
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368 G. J. Hallman thought to be due
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370 G. J. Hallman (WTO), and, there
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372 G. J. Hallman literature to des
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374 21.3.2 Phytosanitary Treatments
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376 G. J. Hallman foliage, even tho
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378 G. J. Hallman initiated, and th
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380 G. J. Hallman Fig. 21.1 Boxes o
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382 G. J. Hallman tosanitary treatm
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384 G. J. Hallman Jones WW, Holzman
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386 P. Genovesi invasive alien spec
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388 100000 Area of islands successf
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390 P. Genovesi ing all the removal
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392 P. Genovesi efficacy of removal
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394 P. Genovesi 11 years (Panzacchi
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396 22.2.6 Human Dimensions P. Geno
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398 P. Genovesi delayed by lengthy
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400 P. Genovesi Acknowledgements. F
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402 P. Genovesi Panzacchi M, Bertol
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404 23.2 Pros of Biological Control
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406 D. Babendreier pods, agents rel
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408 D. Babendreier strated that par
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410 D. Babendreier In addition to t
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412 D. Babendreier As another facto
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414 D. Babendreier has attracted co
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416 D. Babendreier conducting caref
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418 D. Babendreier Michaud JP (2002
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420 W. Nentwig widely accepted that
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422 to minimize the spread of alien
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Subject Index A Abies grandis 334 a
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Subject Index 427 bird 5, 22, 130-1
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Subject Index 429 cost-benefit 339,
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Subject Index 431 fallow deer 19 fa
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Subject Index 433 inbreeding depres
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Subject Index 435 Murdannia 118 Mus
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Subject Index 437 potato 361 poultr
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Subject Index 439 Sirex noctillo 33
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Subject Index 441 - table 92, 225,
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