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Impacts of Invasive Species on Ecosystem Services 227
Table 13.2 Ecosystem types differ in ecosystem services most at risk and prevalent invasive
species types
Ecosystem Ecosystem Prevalent Invader examples Other
type services most invader types and impacts
at risk
Coasts and
oceans
– Commercial – Alga,
fisheries seaweeds
– Shellfish beds – Mollusks
– Water purification
– Fish
– Crustaceans
– Waste treatment
– Disease regulation
– Recreation,
tourism
Caulerpa seaweed
(Caulerpa taxifolia)
– Forms dense mats in
Mediterranean Sea
– Negative impacts on
aquaculture/fishing
(Verlaque 1994)
Green crab (Carcinus
maenus)
– Consumes native
commercially
important clams in
Tasmania (Walton
et al. 2002)
– Isolated areas
more susceptible
(e.g.,
Mediterranean
and
Black seas)
– Long-distance
dispersal
makes eradication
difficult
Farmlands
and croplands
– Natural pest
control
– Pollination
– Nutrient
cycling
– Primary production
– Insects
– Pathogens
– Grasses
– Forbs
– Birds
Sweet potato whitefly
(Bemisia tabaci)
– Consumes crops,
transmits plant
viruses and fungi;
affects crops and
ornamentals
(Oliveira et al. 2001)
– Large economic
losses
can result
from introduced
pests
and crop-specific
pathogens
Banana bunchy
top virus
– Invaded tropical
Asia, Africa, Australia
by vector
aphid; damages fruit
(Dale 1987)
Forests
– Timber
– Nonwood
products
– Genetic
resources
– Ornamental
resources
– Aesthetic
value
– Fungal
pathogens
– Forbs
– Shrubs
and vines
– Insects
– Mammals
Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria
parasitica) economies at
– Subsistence
Dutch elm disease risk due to
(Ophiostoma ulmi) dependence
White pine blister rust on forest
(Cronartium ribicola) products
– Species–specific fungal
pathogens with
(Daily 1997)
negative aesthetic
and genetic impacts