WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care - Safe Care ...

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<strong>WHO</strong> GUIDELINES ON HAND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARE Case-study: England and Wales national programme, a programme with potential benefits National programmes can achieve economies of scale in terms of the production and distribution of materials. In England and Wales, the NPSA “cleanyourhands” campaign is a collaboration between national government bodies and the commercial sector in the development, piloting, evaluation, and implementation of the programme. The national procurement body for the National Health Service (NHS) and the national NHS Logistics Authority, which has expertise in distributing products across the NHS, have worked in partnership with the NPSA to ensure the campaign achieves its objectives. The Logistics Authority is responsible for the distribution of the alcohol-based handrubs and the campaign materials to every hospital implementing the campaign. The NPSA campaign is funded centrally for its first year; thereafter, all campaign materials will be produced and funded by commercial companies on the national alcoholbased handrub contract. The companies will fund this by paying a licence fee in proportion to their turnover on the contract. At the outset, the six main sources of possible financial benefits to the wider health-care economy resulting from a successful campaign were identified as those relating to: • reduced hospital costs; • reduced primary care costs; • reduced costs incurred by patients; • reduced costs of informal carers; • productivity gains in the wider economy; • reduced costs associated with litigation and compensation. Though there are some up-front costs for hospitals associated with implementing the campaign, for a 500- bed hospital it would cost around UK£ 3000 initially to put alcohol-based handrub at each bedside. The analysis suggested that the campaign would deliver net savings from the outset. An Excel spreadsheet for self-completion by an individual health-care institution has been produced, which allows for the input of local data and will indicate likely cost savings over time (Appendix 4). Even if financial savings were not to be realized, the likely patient benefits in terms of lives saved and relatively modest costs mean that the intervention would still be highly cost effective compared with many other NHS activities. The economic evaluation went on to suggest that the campaign would be cost saving even if the reduction in hospital-acquired infection rates were as low as 0.1%. Table III.3.1 Costs of the most common health care-associated infections in the USA Type of infection Attributable costs in US$ Range Mean Standard deviation Minimum Maximum Bloodstream infection 36 441 37 078 1 822 107 156 Surgical site infection 25 546 39 875 1 783 134 602 Ventilator-associated pneumonia 9 969 2 920 7 904 12 034 Urinary tract infection 1 006 503 650 1 361 Reproduced from Cosgrove SE & Perencevich EN with permission from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1056 172
PART III. PROCESS AND OUTCOME MEASUREMENT Figure III.3.1 Basic types of economic evaluation Costs A Intervention A (Programme of interest) Consequences A Choice Intervention B (Comparator) Consequences B Costs B 173
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