23.07.2014 Views

WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care - Safe Care ...

WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care - Safe Care ...

WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care - Safe Care ...

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

<str<strong>on</strong>g>WHO</str<strong>on</strong>g> GUIDELINES ON HAND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARE<br />

435. McMurry LM, Oeth<strong>in</strong>ger M, Levy SB. Overexpressi<strong>on</strong> of<br />

marA, soxS, or acrAB produces resistance to triclosan <strong>in</strong><br />

laboratory and cl<strong>in</strong>ical stra<strong>in</strong>s of Escherichia coli. FEMS<br />

Microbiology Letters, 1998, 166:305–309.<br />

436. Chuanchuen R et al. Cross-resistance between triclosan<br />

and antibiotics <strong>in</strong> Pseudom<strong>on</strong>as aerug<strong>in</strong>osa is mediated by<br />

multidrug efflux pumps: exposure of a susceptible mutant<br />

stra<strong>in</strong> to triclosan selects nfxB mutants overexpress<strong>in</strong>g<br />

MexCD-OprJ. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy,<br />

2001, 45:428–432.<br />

437. Cooks<strong>on</strong> BD et al. Transferable resistance to triclosan <strong>in</strong><br />

MRSA. Lancet, 1991, 337:1548–1549.<br />

438. Sasatsu M et al. Triclosan-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.<br />

Lancet, 1993, 341:756.<br />

439. Chuanchuen R, Karkhoff-Schweizer RR, Schweizer HP.<br />

High-level triclosan resistance <strong>in</strong> Pseudom<strong>on</strong>as aerug<strong>in</strong>osa<br />

is solely a result of efflux. American Journal of Infecti<strong>on</strong><br />

C<strong>on</strong>trol, 2003, 31:124–127.<br />

440. Chuanchuen R, Narasaki CT, Schweizer HP. The MexJK<br />

efflux pump of Pseudom<strong>on</strong>as aerug<strong>in</strong>osa requires OprM<br />

for antibiotic efflux but not for efflux of triclosan. Journal of<br />

Bacteriology, 2002, 184:5036–5044.<br />

441. Schmid MB, Kaplan N. Reduced triclosan susceptibility<br />

<strong>in</strong> methicill<strong>in</strong>-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis.<br />

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2004,<br />

48:1397–1399.<br />

442. Brenwald NP, Fraise AP. Triclosan resistance <strong>in</strong> methicill<strong>in</strong>resistant<br />

Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Journal of<br />

Hospital Infecti<strong>on</strong>, 2003, 55:141–144.<br />

443. Aiello AE et al. Relati<strong>on</strong>ship between triclosan and<br />

susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from hands <strong>in</strong> the<br />

community. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2004,<br />

48:2973–2979.<br />

444. Cooks<strong>on</strong> B. Cl<strong>in</strong>ical significance of emergence of bacterial<br />

antimicrobial resistance <strong>in</strong> the hospital envir<strong>on</strong>ment. Journal<br />

of Applied Bacteriology, 2005, 99:989–996.<br />

445. Kampf G et al. Evaluati<strong>on</strong> of two methods of determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />

the efficacies of two alcohol-based hand rubs for surgical<br />

hand antisepsis. Applied Envir<strong>on</strong>mental Microbiology, 2006,<br />

72:3856–3861.<br />

446. Kampf G, Shaffer M, Hunte C. Insufficient neutralizati<strong>on</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong> test<strong>in</strong>g a chlorhexid<strong>in</strong>e-c<strong>on</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g ethanol-based hand<br />

rub can result <strong>in</strong> a false positive efficacy assessment. BMC<br />

Infectious Diseases, 2005, 5:48.<br />

447. Rotter M et al. Reproducibility and workability of<br />

the European test standard EN 12791 regard<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

effectiveness of surgical hand antiseptics: a randomized,<br />

multicenter trial. Infecti<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>trol and Hospital<br />

Epidemiology, 2006, 27:935–939.<br />

448. Guilhermetti M, Hernandes SED, Fukushigue Y.<br />

Effectiveness of hand-cleans<strong>in</strong>g agents for remov<strong>in</strong>g<br />

methicill<strong>in</strong>-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from<br />

c<strong>on</strong>tam<strong>in</strong>ated hands. Infecti<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>trol and Hospital<br />

Epidemiology, 2001, 22:105–108.<br />

449. Luby SP et al. Effect of handwash<strong>in</strong>g <strong>on</strong> child health: A<br />

randomized c<strong>on</strong>trolled trial. Lancet, 2005, 366:225–233.<br />

450. Lars<strong>on</strong> EL et al. Effect of antibacterial home clean<strong>in</strong>g and<br />

handwash<strong>in</strong>g products <strong>on</strong> <strong>in</strong>fectious disease symptoms: a<br />

randomized, double–bl<strong>in</strong>d trial. Annals of Internal Medic<strong>in</strong>e,<br />

2004, 140:321–329.<br />

451. Sandora TJ, Shih MC, Goldmann DA. Reduc<strong>in</strong>g<br />

absenteeism from gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>al and respiratory illness<br />

<strong>in</strong> elementary school students: a randomized, c<strong>on</strong>trolled<br />

trial of an <strong>in</strong>fecti<strong>on</strong>-c<strong>on</strong>trol <strong>in</strong>terventi<strong>on</strong>. Pediatrics, 2008,<br />

121:e1555–1562.<br />

452. Mort<strong>on</strong> JL, Schultz AA. <strong>Health</strong>y hands: use of alcohol gel as<br />

an adjunct to handwash<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> elementary school children.<br />

Journal of School Nurs<strong>in</strong>g, 2004, 20:161–167.<br />

453. White C et al. The effect of hand hygiene <strong>on</strong> illness rate<br />

am<strong>on</strong>g students <strong>in</strong> university residence halls. American<br />

Journal of Infecti<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>trol, 2003, 31:364–370.<br />

454. Hamm<strong>on</strong>d B et al. Effect of hand sanitizer use <strong>on</strong> elementary<br />

school absenteeism. American Journal of Infecti<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>trol,<br />

2000, 28:340–346.<br />

455. Marena C et al. Assessment of handwash<strong>in</strong>g practices with<br />

chemical and microbiologic methods: prelim<strong>in</strong>ary results<br />

from a prospective crossover study. American Journal of<br />

Infecti<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>trol, 2002, 30:334–340.<br />

456. Lars<strong>on</strong> EL et al. Effect of antiseptic handwash<strong>in</strong>g vs alcohol<br />

sanitizer <strong>on</strong> health care-associated <strong>in</strong>fecti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>in</strong> ne<strong>on</strong>atal<br />

<strong>in</strong>tensive care units. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent<br />

Medic<strong>in</strong>e, 2005, 159:377–383.<br />

457. Girou E et al. Efficacy of handrubb<strong>in</strong>g with alcohol based<br />

soluti<strong>on</strong> versus standard handwash<strong>in</strong>g with antiseptic soap:<br />

randomised cl<strong>in</strong>ical trial. BMJ, 2002, 325:362.<br />

458. Wade JJ, Desai N, Casewell MW. Hygienic hand<br />

dis<strong>in</strong>fecti<strong>on</strong> for the removal of epidemic vancomyc<strong>in</strong>resistant<br />

Enterococcus faecium and gentamic<strong>in</strong>-resistant<br />

Enterobacter cloacae. Journal of Hospital Infecti<strong>on</strong>, 1991,<br />

18:211–218.<br />

459. Bermejo J et al. Efecto del uso de alcohol en gel sobre<br />

ls <strong>in</strong>fecci<strong>on</strong>es nosocomiales por Klebsiella pneum<strong>on</strong>iae<br />

multiresistente [Effect of alcohol-gel hand hygiene <strong>on</strong><br />

nosocomial <strong>in</strong>fecti<strong>on</strong>s due to multi-resistant Klebsiella<br />

pneum<strong>on</strong>iae]. Medic<strong>in</strong>a (Buenos Aires), 2003, 63:715–720.<br />

460. Lowbury EJL, Lilly HA. Dis<strong>in</strong>fecti<strong>on</strong> of the hands of surge<strong>on</strong>s<br />

and nurses. B MJ 1960, 1:1445–1450.<br />

461. Berman RE, Knight RA. Evaluati<strong>on</strong> of hand antisepsis.<br />

Archives of Envir<strong>on</strong>mental <strong>Health</strong>, 1969, 18:781–783.<br />

462. Rotter ML, Simps<strong>on</strong> RA, Koller W. Surgical hand dis<strong>in</strong>fecti<strong>on</strong><br />

with alcohols at various c<strong>on</strong>centrati<strong>on</strong>s: parallel experiments<br />

us<strong>in</strong>g the new proposed European standards method.<br />

Infecti<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>trol and Hospital Epidemiology, 1998,<br />

19:778–781.<br />

463. Hobs<strong>on</strong> DW et al. Development and evaluati<strong>on</strong> of a new<br />

alcohol-based surgical hand scrub formulati<strong>on</strong> with<br />

persistent antimicrobial characteristics and brushless<br />

applicati<strong>on</strong>. American Journal of Infecti<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>trol, 1998,<br />

26:507–512.<br />

464. Marchetti MG et al. Evaluati<strong>on</strong> of the bactericidal effect of<br />

five products for surgical hand dis<strong>in</strong>fecti<strong>on</strong> accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />

prEN 12054 and prEN 12791. Journal of Hospital Infecti<strong>on</strong>,<br />

2003, 54:63–67.<br />

465. McD<strong>on</strong>nell G. Antisepsis, dis<strong>in</strong>fecti<strong>on</strong> and sterilizati<strong>on</strong>.<br />

Wash<strong>in</strong>gt<strong>on</strong>, DC, American Society of Microbiology Press,<br />

2007.<br />

466. L’eau dans les établissements de santé. Guide technique<br />

[Water <strong>in</strong> health care facilites. A technical guide]. Paris,<br />

M<strong>in</strong>istère de la santé de de la protecti<strong>on</strong> sociale, 2005.<br />

467. Spire B et al. Inactivati<strong>on</strong> of lymphadenopathy-associated<br />

virus by chemical dis<strong>in</strong>fectants. Lancet, 1984, 2:899–901.<br />

218

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!