WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care - Safe Care ...

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<strong>WHO</strong> GUIDELINES ON HAND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARE 288. Price PB. Ethyl alcohol as a germicide. Archives of Surgery, 1939, 38:528–542. 289. Harrington C, Walker H. The germicidal action of alcohol. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1903, 148:548–552. 290. Price PB. New studies in surgical bacteriology and surgical technique. JAMA, 1938, 111:1993–1996. 291. Coulthard CE, Sykes G. The germicidal effect of alcohol with special reference to its action on bacterial spores. Pharmaceutical Journal, 1936, 137:79–81. 292. Pohle WD, Stuart LS. The germicidal action of cleaning agents – a study of a modification of Price’s procedure. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1940, 67:275–281. 293. Gardner AD. Rapid disinfection of clean unwashed skin. Lancet, 1948, 760–763. 294. Sakuragi T, Yanagisawa K, Dan K. Bactericidal activity of skin disinfectants on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 1995, 81:555–558. 295. Kampf G, Jarosch R, Ruden H. 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Lowbury EJL, Lilly HA, Ayliffe GAJ. Preoperative disinfection of surgeon’s hands: use of alcoholic solutions and effects of gloves on skin flora. BMJ, 1974, 4:369–372. 302. Lilly HA et al. Delayed antimicrobial effects of skin disinfection by alcohol. Journal of Hygiene (London), 1979, 82:497–500. 303. Gaonkar TA et al. An alcohol hand rub containing a synergistic combination of an emollient and preservatives: prolonged activity against transient pathogens. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2005, 59:12–18. 304. Ansari SA et al. In vivo protocol for testing efficacy of handwashing agents against viruses and bacteria: experiments with rotavirus and Escherichia coli. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 1989, 55:3113–3118. 305. Sattar SA et al. Activity of an alcohol–based hand gel against human adeno-, rhino-, and rotaviruses using the fingerpad method. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2000, 21:516–519. 306. Wolff MH. Hepatitis A virus: a test method for virucidal activity. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2001, 48(Suppl. A):S18–S22. 307. Steinmann J et al. Two in vivo protocols for testing virucidal efficacy of handwashing and hand disinfection. Zentralblatt fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, 1995, 196:425–436. 308. Mbithi JN, Springthorpe VS, Sattar SA. Comparative in vivo efficiencies of hand-washing agents against hepatitis A virus (HM-175) and poliovirus type 1 (Sabin). Applied Environmental Microbiology, 2000, 59:3463–3469. 309. Schurmann W, Eggers HJ. Antiviral activity of an alcoholic hand disinfectant: comparison of the in vitro suspension test with in vivo experiments on hands, and on individual fingertips. Antiviral Research, 1983, 3:25–41. 310. Steinmann J. Surrogate viruses for testing virucidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2004, 56(Suppl. 2):S49–54. 311. Sickbert-Bennett EE et al. Comparative efficacy of hand hygiene agents in the reduction of bacteria and viruses. American Journal of Infection Control, 2005, 33:67–77. 312. Larson E, Bobo L. Effective hand degerming in the presence of blood. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1992, 10:7–11. 313. Dineen P, Hildick-Smith G. Antiseptic care of the hands. In: Maibach HI, Hildick-Smith G, eds. Skin bacteria and their role in infection. New York, NY, McGraw-Hill, 1965:291–309. 314. Rotter M, Koller W, Wewalka G. Povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate-containing detergents for disinfection of hands. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1980, 1:149–158. 315. Rotter ML. Hygienic hand disinfection. Infection Control, 1984, 1:18–22. 316. Blech M-F, Hartemann P, Paquin J-L. Activity of non antiseptic soaps and ethanol for hand disinfection. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, 1985, 181:496–512. 317. Leyden JJ et al. Computerized image analysis of full-hand touch plates: a method for quantification of surface bacteria on hands and the effect of antimicrobial agents. 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A systematic review on the effectiveness of alcohol-based solutions for hand hygiene. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 2004, 10:3–9. 334. Hugonnet S, Perneger TV, Pittet D. Alcohol-based handrub improves compliance with hand hygiene in intensive care units. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2002, 162(9):1037–1043. 335. Pittet D et al. Hand hygiene among physicians: performance, beliefs, and perceptions. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2004, 141:1–8. 336. Gupta C et al. Comparison of two alcohol-based surgical scrub solutions with an iodine-based scrub brush for presurgical antiseptic effectiveness in a community hospital. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2007, 65:65–71. 337. Hsueh PR et al. Nosocomial pseudoepidemic caused by Bacillus cereus traced to contaminated ethyl alcohol from a liquor factory. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2000, 37:2280–2284. 338. Kampf G, McDonald C, Ostermeyer C. Bacterial inuse contamination of an alcohol-based hand rub under accelerated test conditions. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2005, 59:271–272. 339. Denton GW. Chlorhexidine. In: Block SS, ed. Disinfection, sterilization and preservation, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA, Lea & Febiger, 1991:274–289. 340. Krilov LR, Hella Harkness S. Inactivation of respiratory syncytial virus by detergents and disinfectants. Pediatric Infectious DisesaseJournal, 1993, 12:582–584. 341. Narang HK, Codd AA. Action of commonly used disinfectants against enteroviruses. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1983, 4:209–212. 342. Walsh B, Blakemore PH, Drubu YJ. The effect of handcream on the antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine gluconate. Journal of Hospital Infection, 1987, 9:30–33. 343. Lowbury EJL, Lilly HA. Use of 4% chlorhexidine detergent solution (hibiscrub) and other methods of skin disinfection. BMJ, 1973, 1:510–515. 344. Paulson DS. Comparative evaluation of five surgical hand scrub preparations. 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Development of resistance to chlorhexidine diacetate in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the effect of a “residual” concentration. Journal of Hospital Infection, 2000, 46:297–303. 351. Larson E, Talbot GH. An approach for selection of health care personnel handwashing agents. Infection Control, 1986, 7:419–424. 352. Larson E. Guideline for use of topical antimicrobial agents. American Journal of Infection Control, 1988, 16:253–266. 353. Davies J et al. Disinfection of the skin of the abdomen. British Journal of Surgery, 1978, 65:855–858. 354. Larson E, Mayur K, Laughon BA. Influence of two handwashing frequencies on reduction in colonizing flora with three handwashing products used by health care personnel. American Journal of Infection Control, 1988, 17:83–88. 355. Soulsby ME, Barnett JB, Maddox S. Brief report: the antiseptic efficacy of chlorxylenol-containing vs. chlorhexidine gluconate-containing surgical scrub preparations. Infection Control, 1986, 7:223–226. 356. Aly R, Malbach HI. 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