Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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weatherproof and sound-attenuating enclosures. The electrical substations are also located outdoor. The plant is provided with one main building where the auxiliary services and control room is located. In order to increase plant efficiency and taking <strong>into</strong> account the climate of the site (high temperature and low humidity in summer), an evaporative cooler system is installed in the gas turbine combustion air inlet system to reduce the temperature of the combustion air to a maximum of 20°C. This increases the power output of the gas turbine generator from 12,400 kW to 12,800 kW in periods of extreme heat. This cooler will be fed by osmotized water from the biomass plant. The steam will be condensed in a condenser, which will be cooled by water from cooling towers. Requirements The facility has been designed to work non-stop and at 100% load for some 7800 hours per year. Virtually all of the olive oil plant’s auxiliary services will be shared with the cogeneration plant. Together will the turnkey supply agreement, Turbomach has signed a contract for the operation and maintenance of the cogeneration and biomass plant for a period of 20 years. The plant is being operated in three shifts with two operators and a supervisor. Furthermore there are two maintenance engineers and two plant managers. The project provides 19 jobs in total. Environmental Considerations 1 The incineration of biomass can be considered CO2-neutral as the CO2 captured during the growth of the olives (via photosynthesis) is being released again to the atmosphere. In comparison to a coal-fired power plant, biomass incineration at the plant reduces the emission of CO2 by about 110,000 tonnes per year. Social Considerations 1 The European regulations on the disposal of agricultural waste and the associated cost of this disposal can have a big impact on the economics of the olive oil production process - costs that are ultimately passed on to endusers. Therefore it is essential to find solutions for the utilization and valorization of the olive oil waste. The use of biomass for drying, incineration and power generation is economically feasible and can be easily integrated <strong>into</strong> a factory’s existing equipment. The technology has great economic and environmental benefits compared with open combustion of the waste. With the world producing about 2 million tonnes of olive oil per year (including 660,000 tonnes in Spain alone, 500,000 tonnes in Italy, and 360,000 tonnes in Greece), there is a large potential for this well proven technology. GHG Emission Reduction Potential The incineration of biomass can be considered CO2-neutral as the CO2 captured during the growth of the olives (via photosynthesis) is being released again to the atmosphere. In comparison to a coal-fired power plant, biomass 134
incineration at the plant reduces the emission of CO2 by about 110,000 tonnes per year. Examples of Real Life Applications Commercial Use Bioenergía Santamaría 30 MW biomass project Córdoba, Spain Suppliers Turbomach SA is a well-established name in the world power market. The company is wholly owned by Caterpillar (USA). The company has accumulated more than 25 years of knowledge and experience in technical design, application engineering, and manufacturing of power plants based on its gas and steam turbine packages. 135
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Con v e r t i n g Wa s t e Agr i c
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Converting Waste Agricultural Bioma
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setting and identification of stake
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ACRONYMS CO2 CV DAP DTIE ESTs E-Was
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2. Rationale One of the critical ac
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3. Scope and Limitations In compili
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4. The Compendium The Project Websi
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• Basic technology information 9
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Table 1: Cellulosic Waste Biomass C
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Molding Oil Palm fruit residues Sug
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6. Recommendations The specific rec
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2-Drum Top Supported Boiler 12 USA,
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HYBRID PF 14 USA, Commercial Crop R
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operation of each to match the stea
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HYBRID RG 15 USA, Commercial Crop R
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All above work in concert to reduce
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HYBRID UF 16 USA, Commercial Crop R
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operation of each to match the stea
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TRI 17 USA, Commercial Crop Residue
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2-Drum Bottom Supported Boiler 18 U
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power boilers. Examples of Real Lif
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A fully automated continuous system
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Detailed Process Description A. Met
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Examples of Real Life Applications
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Detailed Process Description A. Met
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1. The Fibrowatt operation starts o
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HYBRID CG 21 USA, Commercial Crop R
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utilizing the most reliable system
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BTG Flash Pyrolysis Netherlands, Co
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Before processing organic materials
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a. Reactor : This was a downdraft,
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Price of Machine The total investme
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Main Products: The plant provides i
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Disadvantages to Developing Countri
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Detailed Process Description Kakira
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) 27 US
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Shelled Corn as Fuel 29 USA, Commer
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Amaizablaze/Nesco, Inc. P. O. Box 3
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HS-Tarm 5 Main Street, P.O. Box 285
Page 86 and 87: Lock Haven, PA 17745 800-582-4317 h
Page 88 and 89: P.O. Box 2075, Mankato, MN 56002 80
Page 90 and 91: The result is wood (biomass) can be
Page 92 and 93: Biomass Heating System 35 UK, Comme
Page 94 and 95: Supplier R.D. Associates, Ltd. Fuel
Page 96 and 97: Figure 5: KSM Drop Cell Unit Some o
Page 98 and 99: There is a tendency for fly ash to
Page 100 and 101: AgriPower 36 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 102 and 103: BioMax 25 37 USA, Commercial Crop R
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Page 106 and 107: Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
Page 108 and 109: Two doors were designed for easy lo
Page 110 and 111: Asbestos gaskets are used while con
Page 112 and 113: The ash scraper slides through a cy
Page 114 and 115: flange attached at its bottom; this
Page 116 and 117: Other fuels such as saw dust brique
Page 118 and 119: The completed hybrid solar-biomass
Page 120 and 121: Greenfire 41 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 122 and 123: Mayon Turbo Stove and Lo Trau Stove
Page 124 and 125: Social Considerations The stove was
Page 126 and 127: Commercial Gasifier 49 Philippines,
Page 128 and 129: The Modul-Pak ® boiler is a hybrid
Page 130 and 131: Suppliers Energy Quest, Inc. 850 So
Page 132 and 133: as well as the extraction, recovery
Page 134 and 135: oil production period in the mills.
Page 138 and 139: Primenergy R-18 Gasifier producing
Page 140 and 141: Low-cost 500 kW thermal rice hull c
Page 142 and 143: Kansai Carbonized Rice Husk Gasifie
Page 144 and 145: Colusa Rice Straw / Hulls Technolog
Page 146 and 147: The customized harvester collects t
Page 148 and 149: Rice Husk Gasifier Philippines, Com
Page 150 and 151: 2.5 MW Cogeneration Plant 65 Thaila
Page 152 and 153: San San Rice Husk Stove Myanmar, Co
Page 154 and 155: The technology of rice husk gasifie
Page 156 and 157: of trees can be controlled. This wo
Page 158 and 159: includes an automatic feeder, which
Page 160 and 161: Maligaya Rice Hull Stove 74 Philipp
Page 162 and 163: Parameters for Procurement Specific
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Page 166 and 167: a 100KW capacity Rice-Husk based Ga
Page 168 and 169: Rice husk briquette fuel 84 Banglad
Page 170 and 171: aised to US$ 6.84 million from the
Page 172 and 173: ease of removal of the char, a grat
Page 174 and 175: The rice husk gas burner for bakery
Page 176 and 177: Engineering and Environmental Manag
Page 178 and 179: Depending on the type of fuel it ha
Page 180 and 181: mode, all of the steam directed to
Page 182 and 183: pyrolysis) with air or oxygen at te
Page 184 and 185: R S for in-kind repair of boilers a
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Wood Biomass Electricity Generator
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Celunol's "wet" biomass conversion
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up to 1.3 million liters of cellulo
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This process is done in shredder ma
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The minimal price established is $C
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196
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Telephone (303) 933-3135 FAX (303)
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Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
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The stove uses cylindrical honeycom
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Research Centre for Applied Science
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air. Woody biomass available in ple
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Dry Grind Ethanol 99 USA, Under Con
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Price Ethanol sells as a commodity
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1 Figure 1. Design of the dryer Det
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footings made of brick and mortar.
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placed inside mild steel shell of l
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Biological Hydrogen Production from
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ioprocess for hydrogen production f
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a. Reactor: This was a downdraft, t
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Transpired Collector Solar-Biomass
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Drying chamber The drying chamber c
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Annexure 3 EST for Energy Conversio
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Detailed Process Description Figure
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Forest Products Research and Develo
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Advanced Gasification-Combustion (A
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Wood wool cement board (WWCB) Cemen
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Furnace-Type Lumber Dryer 105 Phili
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(i) Charring Drum. The charring dru
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The mould set is filled with the mi
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Solar Collector The solar collector
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Fluidized Bed Combustor for Steam G
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Small-Scale Biomass Pyrolyzer for F
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chips) aside from palay and allows
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Detailed Process Description There
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The IRRI DR-1 Batch Dryer 117 Phili
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Rice Hull Furnace attached to a blo
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was not continuously discharged fro
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Detailed Process Description Drying
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Rice Hull Ash Cement (RHAC) Hollow
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Annexure 4 EST for Material Convers
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Through a joint venture component m
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Abaca Mechanical Tuxer 129 Philippi
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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Figure 2. Fiber Twisting Machine
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Main Products: Cellulosic Ethanol O
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converted to a high-carbon char mat
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NovaGreen Biomass Ethanol Separatio
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Detailed Process Description 133 On
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286
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agricultural waste could theoretica
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downstream value-added products whe
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Bio-Enriched Method (Trichoderma an
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Increases yield. Improves water-hol
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Environmental Considerations 141 Co
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298
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150 150 http://www.kinseiseishi.co.
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152 Type of non-woven materials Che
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Bale as feedstock USA, Commercial C
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Price of Machine : refer to the tab
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2. Cooking the Fiber: A rope is lai
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9. Weaving: Water is sprayed on the
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Decorticating Machine and Motorised
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usually contains two spindles set i
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tradition and, moreover, the range
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318
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Over 3.5 million coconut farmers ar
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The blades also propel coir fibre t
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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first using the drum method or the
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Job Potential: Farmers' cooperative
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Soundproofing and Insulating Materi
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The environmental impact is signifi
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. Suppliers K.E.F.I. - Kenaf Eco Fi
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Detailed Process Descriptions: 1. H
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In a two-stage setup, the target wi
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companies with expertise in this we
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Mezcal Production from Maguey Phili
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5. Crushing the agave. The roasted
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Method of Propagation Applying fert
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Main Products 198 Abaca fiber comes
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Being a high-priced fabric has prac
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Detailed Process Description 202 Me
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Rice Husk basket Burner India, Comm
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The ash should be white or grey wit
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Paper from Rice Straw Cyprus, Comme
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1. Vatting - Fill your vat halfway
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Ethanol Production by Acid Hydrolys
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improvements would provide cost sav
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Detailed Process Description 7. Ric
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Plywood from Sorghum China, Commerc
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Example of Real Life Applications L
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Figure 1. Schematic of gasifier-pow
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hull is a processing by-product of
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The size of the mill or number of m
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Figure 3. A 12-ft continuous evapor
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The finished syrup is thoroughly st
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Drinking Vinegar from Sweet Sorghum
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only four months. Ethanol, a cheape
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Davis & Standard Twin Screw Extrude
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Environmental and Social Considerat
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Detailed Process Description Figure
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operational analysis be carried out
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Figure 2. Hopper or Feeder The comp
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Broin Fractionation (BFRAC) 218 USA
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Collaboration with other companies
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NET INCOME Before Tax = 237, 600 -
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Cornstalk Flash Volatilization USA,
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Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
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degrades the wastes. The algal pond
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Job Potential: 231 Preparing the so
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Operations and Maintenance Requirem
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Detailed Process Description There
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Biochar 237 USA, Research Crop Resi
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422
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424
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Detailed Process Description: 241 2
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In addition to functioning as a thi
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The underflow from the first stage
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y essentially dry process technique
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industrial uses. It consists of mol
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yeast for high alcohol, and high-te
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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