Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

More documents

Recommendations

Info

tradition and, moreover, the range of dyes normally used does not hold fast to the fibres and sometimes fades badly. New product opportunities are frequently well-known (non-woven materials, agro-textiles and similar), but lack of development capital, lack of R&D and testing facilities, and commercial competition, frequently preclude the sharing of industrial information. New markets have to be conceived, developed and exploited for industries to survive. Social Considerations 163 Coir fibres have an image problem that has not been addressed by the trade. Coir may be environmentally "friendly" from a consumer point of view, but the same may not be the case at point of manufacture where, for example, the environmental issues of waste disposal (used chemical dyes, coir pith, etc.), pollution of water resources from retting, and the exploitation of low-paid workers, could become sensitive issues Coir industries enable people to work close to home, enjoy the hours and conditions of work that are generally better than the equivalent in agricultural production, and to gain a sense of achievement from the acquisition of new skills, new information and a sense of participation in community development. Investment and Operating Cost 164 The assistance from the Coir Board will be in the form of one time subsidy limited to 75% of the cost of motorized ratt/ motorized traditional ratt or Rs.7,500/- in the case of motorized ratt and Rs.2,625/- in the case of motorized traditional ratt whichever is less and the balance 25% will be raised by the beneficiary from either her own resources or loans from financial institutions/ voluntary organizations. Economic instruments for overcoming barriers 165 Providing seed capital assistance to farmers encourages brown coir fibre production. Modernization of coir units has been envisaged by providing incentives for installation of modern equipments to make coir industry more competitive in the export market. Advantages to Developing Countries 166 Processing of agricultural crops also gains; from access to raw materials at point of production, reduced transport costs, better relationships between management and workers, and the skills and intellect of an educated workforce that also has a vested interest in making the factory a success in the community. Profitability is essential for security of both worker and factory owner, and herein may be a need for enterprise support from joint private and public sector groups. 163 http://coirboard.nic.in/coirtrade.htm 164 http://www.fao.org/ag/Ags/agsi/coir.htm 165 http://coirboard.nic.in/about_process02.htm 166 http://coirboard.nic.in/coirtrade.htm 316
Examples of Real Life Applications Level of Use Commercial Use Location Kerala, India, Commercial Level, Coir Production Suppliers 167 1) Chemicals for Improvement of Fibre Quality a) Amoa Chemical Company Ltd. Amoa House, Hawley Road, Hinckley, Leicestershire, LE10 OPU, United Kingdom. 2) Manufacturers/Suppliers Of Carding Equipment a) Mackie International Belfast, Northern Ireland b) Giddings Frazer Arbroath, Scotland, United Kingdom. c) Wn R. Steward & sons (Hacblemakers) Ltd. Marine Parade, Dundee, Ddi 3JD Scotland, United Kingdom. 3) Suppliers of Sisal Tow-Yarns a) The Premier Bag Co. P.O. Ruiru Kenya, East Africa b) The Tanzania Sisal Authority (TSA) Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. 4) Manufacturers/Suppliers of Modern Looms. a) Picanol Natural Fibre Looms Belgium. b) Wilson & Longbottom Ltd. Barnsley S70 1AS, United Kingdom. 167 http://www.coirkerala.com/coirmachines.htm 317
Page 1 and 2:
Con v e r t i n g Wa s t e Agr i c
Page 3 and 4:
Converting Waste Agricultural Bioma
Page 5 and 6:
setting and identification of stake
Page 7 and 8:
ACRONYMS CO2 CV DAP DTIE ESTs E-Was
Page 9 and 10:
2. Rationale One of the critical ac
Page 11 and 12:
3. Scope and Limitations In compili
Page 13 and 14:
4. The Compendium The Project Websi
Page 15 and 16:
• Basic technology information 9
Page 17 and 18:
Table 1: Cellulosic Waste Biomass C
Page 19 and 20:
Molding Oil Palm fruit residues Sug
Page 21 and 22:
6. Recommendations The specific rec
Page 23 and 24:
2-Drum Top Supported Boiler 12 USA,
Page 25 and 26:
HYBRID PF 14 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 27 and 28:
operation of each to match the stea
Page 29 and 30:
HYBRID RG 15 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 31 and 32:
All above work in concert to reduce
Page 33 and 34:
HYBRID UF 16 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 35 and 36:
operation of each to match the stea
Page 37 and 38:
TRI 17 USA, Commercial Crop Residue
Page 39 and 40:
2-Drum Bottom Supported Boiler 18 U
Page 41 and 42:
power boilers. Examples of Real Lif
Page 43 and 44:
A fully automated continuous system
Page 45 and 46:
Detailed Process Description A. Met
Page 47 and 48:
Examples of Real Life Applications
Page 49 and 50:
Detailed Process Description A. Met
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
1. The Fibrowatt operation starts o
Page 55 and 56:
HYBRID CG 21 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 57 and 58:
utilizing the most reliable system
Page 59 and 60:
BTG Flash Pyrolysis Netherlands, Co
Page 61 and 62:
Before processing organic materials
Page 63 and 64:
a. Reactor : This was a downdraft,
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Price of Machine The total investme
Page 70 and 71:
Main Products: The plant provides i
Page 72 and 73:
Disadvantages to Developing Countri
Page 74 and 75:
Detailed Process Description Kakira
Page 76 and 77:
Example of Real Life Applications C
Page 78 and 79:
Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) 27 US
Page 80 and 81:
Shelled Corn as Fuel 29 USA, Commer
Page 82 and 83:
Amaizablaze/Nesco, Inc. P. O. Box 3
Page 84 and 85:
HS-Tarm 5 Main Street, P.O. Box 285
Page 86 and 87:
Lock Haven, PA 17745 800-582-4317 h
Page 88 and 89:
P.O. Box 2075, Mankato, MN 56002 80
Page 90 and 91:
The result is wood (biomass) can be
Page 92 and 93:
Biomass Heating System 35 UK, Comme
Page 94 and 95:
Supplier R.D. Associates, Ltd. Fuel
Page 96 and 97:
Figure 5: KSM Drop Cell Unit Some o
Page 98 and 99:
There is a tendency for fly ash to
Page 100 and 101:
AgriPower 36 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 102 and 103:
BioMax 25 37 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 104 and 105:
102
Page 106 and 107:
Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
Page 108 and 109:
Two doors were designed for easy lo
Page 110 and 111:
Asbestos gaskets are used while con
Page 112 and 113:
The ash scraper slides through a cy
Page 114 and 115:
flange attached at its bottom; this
Page 116 and 117:
Other fuels such as saw dust brique
Page 118 and 119:
The completed hybrid solar-biomass
Page 120 and 121:
Greenfire 41 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 122 and 123:
Mayon Turbo Stove and Lo Trau Stove
Page 124 and 125:
Social Considerations The stove was
Page 126 and 127:
Commercial Gasifier 49 Philippines,
Page 128 and 129:
The Modul-Pak ® boiler is a hybrid
Page 130 and 131:
Suppliers Energy Quest, Inc. 850 So
Page 132 and 133:
as well as the extraction, recovery
Page 134 and 135:
oil production period in the mills.
Page 136 and 137:
weatherproof and sound-attenuating
Page 138 and 139:
Primenergy R-18 Gasifier producing
Page 140 and 141:
Low-cost 500 kW thermal rice hull c
Page 142 and 143:
Kansai Carbonized Rice Husk Gasifie
Page 144 and 145:
Colusa Rice Straw / Hulls Technolog
Page 146 and 147:
The customized harvester collects t
Page 148 and 149:
Rice Husk Gasifier Philippines, Com
Page 150 and 151:
2.5 MW Cogeneration Plant 65 Thaila
Page 152 and 153:
San San Rice Husk Stove Myanmar, Co
Page 154 and 155:
The technology of rice husk gasifie
Page 156 and 157:
of trees can be controlled. This wo
Page 158 and 159:
includes an automatic feeder, which
Page 160 and 161:
Maligaya Rice Hull Stove 74 Philipp
Page 162 and 163:
Parameters for Procurement Specific
Page 164 and 165:
162
Page 166 and 167:
a 100KW capacity Rice-Husk based Ga
Page 168 and 169:
Rice husk briquette fuel 84 Banglad
Page 170 and 171:
aised to US$ 6.84 million from the
Page 172 and 173:
ease of removal of the char, a grat
Page 174 and 175:
The rice husk gas burner for bakery
Page 176 and 177:
Engineering and Environmental Manag
Page 178 and 179:
Depending on the type of fuel it ha
Page 180 and 181:
mode, all of the steam directed to
Page 182 and 183:
pyrolysis) with air or oxygen at te
Page 184 and 185:
R S for in-kind repair of boilers a
Page 186 and 187:
Wood Biomass Electricity Generator
Page 188 and 189:
Advantages to Developing Countries
Page 190 and 191:
Celunol's "wet" biomass conversion
Page 192 and 193:
up to 1.3 million liters of cellulo
Page 194 and 195:
This process is done in shredder ma
Page 196 and 197:
The minimal price established is $C
Page 198 and 199:
196
Page 200 and 201:
Telephone (303) 933-3135 FAX (303)
Page 202 and 203:
Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
Page 204 and 205:
The stove uses cylindrical honeycom
Page 206 and 207:
Research Centre for Applied Science
Page 208 and 209:
air. Woody biomass available in ple
Page 210 and 211:
Dry Grind Ethanol 99 USA, Under Con
Page 212 and 213:
Price Ethanol sells as a commodity
Page 214 and 215:
1 Figure 1. Design of the dryer Det
Page 216 and 217:
footings made of brick and mortar.
Page 218 and 219:
placed inside mild steel shell of l
Page 220 and 221:
Biological Hydrogen Production from
Page 222 and 223:
ioprocess for hydrogen production f
Page 224 and 225:
a. Reactor: This was a downdraft, t
Page 226 and 227:
Transpired Collector Solar-Biomass
Page 228 and 229:
Drying chamber The drying chamber c
Page 230 and 231:
Annexure 3 EST for Energy Conversio
Page 232 and 233:
Detailed Process Description Figure
Page 234 and 235:
Forest Products Research and Develo
Page 236 and 237:
Advanced Gasification-Combustion (A
Page 238 and 239:
Wood wool cement board (WWCB) Cemen
Page 240 and 241:
Furnace-Type Lumber Dryer 105 Phili
Page 242 and 243:
(i) Charring Drum. The charring dru
Page 244 and 245:
The mould set is filled with the mi
Page 246 and 247:
Solar Collector The solar collector
Page 248 and 249:
Fluidized Bed Combustor for Steam G
Page 250 and 251:
Small-Scale Biomass Pyrolyzer for F
Page 252 and 253:
chips) aside from palay and allows
Page 254 and 255:
Detailed Process Description There
Page 256 and 257:
The IRRI DR-1 Batch Dryer 117 Phili
Page 258 and 259:
Rice Hull Furnace attached to a blo
Page 260 and 261:
was not continuously discharged fro
Page 262 and 263:
Detailed Process Description Drying
Page 264 and 265:
Rice Hull Ash Cement (RHAC) Hollow
Page 266 and 267:
Annexure 4 EST for Material Convers
Page 268 and 269: Through a joint venture component m
Page 270 and 271: Abaca Mechanical Tuxer 129 Philippi
Page 272 and 273: Economic instruments for overcoming
Page 274 and 275: Figure 2. Fiber Twisting Machine
Page 276 and 277: Example of Real Life Applications C
Page 278 and 279: Main Products: Cellulosic Ethanol O
Page 280 and 281: converted to a high-carbon char mat
Page 282 and 283: NovaGreen Biomass Ethanol Separatio
Page 284 and 285: Advantages to Developing Countries
Page 286 and 287: Detailed Process Description 133 On
Page 288 and 289: 286
Page 290 and 291: agricultural waste could theoretica
Page 292 and 293: downstream value-added products whe
Page 294 and 295: Bio-Enriched Method (Trichoderma an
Page 296 and 297: Increases yield. Improves water-hol
Page 298 and 299: Environmental Considerations 141 Co
Page 300 and 301: 298
Page 302 and 303: 150 150 http://www.kinseiseishi.co.
Page 304 and 305: 152 Type of non-woven materials Che
Page 306 and 307: Bale as feedstock USA, Commercial C
Page 308 and 309: Price of Machine : refer to the tab
Page 310 and 311: 2. Cooking the Fiber: A rope is lai
Page 312 and 313: 9. Weaving: Water is sprayed on the
Page 314 and 315: Decorticating Machine and Motorised
Page 316 and 317: usually contains two spindles set i
Page 320 and 321: 318
Page 322 and 323: Over 3.5 million coconut farmers ar
Page 324 and 325: The blades also propel coir fibre t
Page 326 and 327: Economic instruments for overcoming
Page 328 and 329: first using the drum method or the
Page 330 and 331: Job Potential: Farmers' cooperative
Page 332 and 333: Soundproofing and Insulating Materi
Page 334 and 335: The environmental impact is signifi
Page 336 and 337: . Suppliers K.E.F.I. - Kenaf Eco Fi
Page 338 and 339: Detailed Process Descriptions: 1. H
Page 340 and 341: Examples of Real Life Applications
Page 342 and 343: In a two-stage setup, the target wi
Page 344 and 345: companies with expertise in this we
Page 346 and 347: Mezcal Production from Maguey Phili
Page 348 and 349: 5. Crushing the agave. The roasted
Page 350 and 351: Method of Propagation Applying fert
Page 352 and 353: Main Products 198 Abaca fiber comes
Page 354 and 355: Being a high-priced fabric has prac
Page 356 and 357: Detailed Process Description 202 Me
Page 358 and 359: Rice Husk basket Burner India, Comm
Page 360 and 361: The ash should be white or grey wit
Page 362 and 363: Paper from Rice Straw Cyprus, Comme
Page 364 and 365: 1. Vatting - Fill your vat halfway
Page 366 and 367: Ethanol Production by Acid Hydrolys
Page 368 and 369:
improvements would provide cost sav
Page 370 and 371:
Detailed Process Description 7. Ric
Page 372 and 373:
Plywood from Sorghum China, Commerc
Page 374 and 375:
Example of Real Life Applications L
Page 376 and 377:
Figure 1. Schematic of gasifier-pow
Page 378 and 379:
hull is a processing by-product of
Page 380 and 381:
The size of the mill or number of m
Page 382 and 383:
Figure 3. A 12-ft continuous evapor
Page 384 and 385:
The finished syrup is thoroughly st
Page 386 and 387:
Drinking Vinegar from Sweet Sorghum
Page 388 and 389:
only four months. Ethanol, a cheape
Page 390 and 391:
Davis & Standard Twin Screw Extrude
Page 392 and 393:
Environmental and Social Considerat
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
Detailed Process Description Figure
Page 398 and 399:
operational analysis be carried out
Page 400 and 401:
Figure 2. Hopper or Feeder The comp
Page 402 and 403:
Broin Fractionation (BFRAC) 218 USA
Page 404 and 405:
Collaboration with other companies
Page 406 and 407:
NET INCOME Before Tax = 237, 600 -
Page 408 and 409:
Cornstalk Flash Volatilization USA,
Page 410 and 411:
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
Page 412 and 413:
degrades the wastes. The algal pond
Page 414 and 415:
Job Potential: 231 Preparing the so
Page 416 and 417:
Page 418 and 419:
Operations and Maintenance Requirem
Page 420 and 421:
Detailed Process Description There
Page 422 and 423:
Biochar 237 USA, Research Crop Resi
Page 424 and 425:
422
Page 426 and 427:
424
Page 428 and 429:
Detailed Process Description: 241 2
Page 430 and 431:
In addition to functioning as a thi
Page 432 and 433:
The underflow from the first stage
Page 434 and 435:
y essentially dry process technique
Page 436 and 437:
industrial uses. It consists of mol
Page 438 and 439:
yeast for high alcohol, and high-te
Page 440 and 441:
About the UNEP Division of Technolo
show all

Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?