Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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includes an automatic feeder, which controls the fuel carried by air jet and injected tangentially inside the combustion chamber. A rotating grate at the bottom of the furnace discharges the ash continuously at the rate synchronized with the fuel feed rate. Three air inlets strategically located along the periphery of the furnace provide secondary air for better combustion efficiency and temperature control. It reduces the risk of overheating the furnace and at the same time avoids the crystallization of the ash. The furnace has a grate surface area of 0.203 m2 and a combustion space volume of 0.514 m3. It is constructed mainly out of 12.7 cm thick refractory firebricks and enclosed by 0.48 cm thick mild steel plates. An automatic feeder coupled with 2.55 m3/ min centrifugal blower feeds the rice hull. Combustion air is supplied by a 4.53 m3/ min centrifugal blower through three ports. Detailed Process Descriptions: 1. Biomass fuel is feed into the furnace in cyclonic motion inside the combustion chamber. 2. The cyclonic motion allows the biomass fuel to be burned while in suspension. 3. Suspension burning of the biomass fuel also allows separation of the ash of combustion from the air thus producing a pollution-free flue gas. 4. Water is heated by the fire-tube boiler 5. The hot water is pumped to the hot water heat exchanger where the drying air is passed through before the drying column. Operation and Maintenance Requirements: 73 1. It must provide uniform feeding of rice hull for uniform combustion. 2. Primary air and secondary air must be provided at certain ratio to provide complete combustion of rice hull. Assumed ratio of primary to secondary air is 25/75 to 35/65. 3. Excess air of over 60 percent is recommended. 4. Ash must be discharged at regular rate to prevent clogging of the combustion chamber. Ash disposal must be synchronized with fuel feeding. 5. Grate area must be 50 to 60 kg/h.m2 or 840 MJ/h.m2. 6. Combustion chamber volume must be 40 to 60 kg/h.m3 or 840 MJ/h.m3. The biomass furnace that was developed can consume an average of 39 kg of rice hull per hour. Estimated overall thermal efficiency is 61 percent. The average burning efficiency obtained was 96.7%. The relatively high burning efficiency of the furnace may be due to the longer retention time of the char in the grate and sufficient supply of combustion air. Social Considerations 73 http://www.retsasia.ait.ac.th/Publications/WREC%202000-UPLB.pdf 156
The furnace required less labor compared to the traditional rice hull step-grate furnaces. Labor was needed only in loading the rice hull into the feed hopper. Resource assessment made on rice hull indicated that there are a number of rice mills where the drying plant can get fuel. Advantages to Developing Countries Most if not all of the mills dispose the hulls along the highway. However, after the commissioning of the plant, millers started selling their rice hulls instead of giving it for free. The rice hull cyclonic furnace that was developed can also be used in the rural areas to provide heat for crop drying. It can be modified according to the heat load requirement of the clientele. Examples of Real Life Applications Manufacturer: PADISCOR Supplier: Pasig Agr'l Dev't. & Ind'l Supply Corp Address: 1 Lopez Jaena St. Kapasigan, Pasig City Telephone No: 916-0701; 643-5736; 641-1804 157
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Con v e r t i n g Wa s t e Agr i c
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Converting Waste Agricultural Bioma
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setting and identification of stake
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ACRONYMS CO2 CV DAP DTIE ESTs E-Was
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2. Rationale One of the critical ac
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3. Scope and Limitations In compili
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4. The Compendium The Project Websi
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• Basic technology information 9
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Table 1: Cellulosic Waste Biomass C
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Molding Oil Palm fruit residues Sug
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6. Recommendations The specific rec
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2-Drum Top Supported Boiler 12 USA,
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HYBRID PF 14 USA, Commercial Crop R
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operation of each to match the stea
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HYBRID RG 15 USA, Commercial Crop R
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All above work in concert to reduce
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HYBRID UF 16 USA, Commercial Crop R
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operation of each to match the stea
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TRI 17 USA, Commercial Crop Residue
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2-Drum Bottom Supported Boiler 18 U
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power boilers. Examples of Real Lif
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A fully automated continuous system
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Detailed Process Description A. Met
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Examples of Real Life Applications
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Detailed Process Description A. Met
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1. The Fibrowatt operation starts o
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HYBRID CG 21 USA, Commercial Crop R
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utilizing the most reliable system
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BTG Flash Pyrolysis Netherlands, Co
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Before processing organic materials
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a. Reactor : This was a downdraft,
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Price of Machine The total investme
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Main Products: The plant provides i
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Disadvantages to Developing Countri
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Detailed Process Description Kakira
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) 27 US
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Shelled Corn as Fuel 29 USA, Commer
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Amaizablaze/Nesco, Inc. P. O. Box 3
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HS-Tarm 5 Main Street, P.O. Box 285
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Lock Haven, PA 17745 800-582-4317 h
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P.O. Box 2075, Mankato, MN 56002 80
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The result is wood (biomass) can be
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Biomass Heating System 35 UK, Comme
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Supplier R.D. Associates, Ltd. Fuel
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Figure 5: KSM Drop Cell Unit Some o
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There is a tendency for fly ash to
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AgriPower 36 USA, Commercial Crop R
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BioMax 25 37 USA, Commercial Crop R
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102
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Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
Page 108 and 109: Two doors were designed for easy lo
Page 110 and 111: Asbestos gaskets are used while con
Page 112 and 113: The ash scraper slides through a cy
Page 114 and 115: flange attached at its bottom; this
Page 116 and 117: Other fuels such as saw dust brique
Page 118 and 119: The completed hybrid solar-biomass
Page 120 and 121: Greenfire 41 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 122 and 123: Mayon Turbo Stove and Lo Trau Stove
Page 124 and 125: Social Considerations The stove was
Page 126 and 127: Commercial Gasifier 49 Philippines,
Page 128 and 129: The Modul-Pak ® boiler is a hybrid
Page 130 and 131: Suppliers Energy Quest, Inc. 850 So
Page 132 and 133: as well as the extraction, recovery
Page 134 and 135: oil production period in the mills.
Page 136 and 137: weatherproof and sound-attenuating
Page 138 and 139: Primenergy R-18 Gasifier producing
Page 140 and 141: Low-cost 500 kW thermal rice hull c
Page 142 and 143: Kansai Carbonized Rice Husk Gasifie
Page 144 and 145: Colusa Rice Straw / Hulls Technolog
Page 146 and 147: The customized harvester collects t
Page 148 and 149: Rice Husk Gasifier Philippines, Com
Page 150 and 151: 2.5 MW Cogeneration Plant 65 Thaila
Page 152 and 153: San San Rice Husk Stove Myanmar, Co
Page 154 and 155: The technology of rice husk gasifie
Page 156 and 157: of trees can be controlled. This wo
Page 160 and 161: Maligaya Rice Hull Stove 74 Philipp
Page 162 and 163: Parameters for Procurement Specific
Page 164 and 165: 162
Page 166 and 167: a 100KW capacity Rice-Husk based Ga
Page 168 and 169: Rice husk briquette fuel 84 Banglad
Page 170 and 171: aised to US$ 6.84 million from the
Page 172 and 173: ease of removal of the char, a grat
Page 174 and 175: The rice husk gas burner for bakery
Page 176 and 177: Engineering and Environmental Manag
Page 178 and 179: Depending on the type of fuel it ha
Page 180 and 181: mode, all of the steam directed to
Page 182 and 183: pyrolysis) with air or oxygen at te
Page 184 and 185: R S for in-kind repair of boilers a
Page 186 and 187: Wood Biomass Electricity Generator
Page 188 and 189: Advantages to Developing Countries
Page 190 and 191: Celunol's "wet" biomass conversion
Page 192 and 193: up to 1.3 million liters of cellulo
Page 194 and 195: This process is done in shredder ma
Page 196 and 197: The minimal price established is $C
Page 198 and 199: 196
Page 200 and 201: Telephone (303) 933-3135 FAX (303)
Page 202 and 203: Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
Page 204 and 205: The stove uses cylindrical honeycom
Page 206 and 207: Research Centre for Applied Science
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air. Woody biomass available in ple
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Dry Grind Ethanol 99 USA, Under Con
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Price Ethanol sells as a commodity
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1 Figure 1. Design of the dryer Det
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footings made of brick and mortar.
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placed inside mild steel shell of l
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Biological Hydrogen Production from
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ioprocess for hydrogen production f
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a. Reactor: This was a downdraft, t
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Transpired Collector Solar-Biomass
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Drying chamber The drying chamber c
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Annexure 3 EST for Energy Conversio
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Detailed Process Description Figure
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Forest Products Research and Develo
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Advanced Gasification-Combustion (A
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Wood wool cement board (WWCB) Cemen
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Furnace-Type Lumber Dryer 105 Phili
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(i) Charring Drum. The charring dru
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The mould set is filled with the mi
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Solar Collector The solar collector
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Fluidized Bed Combustor for Steam G
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Small-Scale Biomass Pyrolyzer for F
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chips) aside from palay and allows
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Detailed Process Description There
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The IRRI DR-1 Batch Dryer 117 Phili
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Rice Hull Furnace attached to a blo
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was not continuously discharged fro
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Detailed Process Description Drying
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Rice Hull Ash Cement (RHAC) Hollow
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Annexure 4 EST for Material Convers
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Through a joint venture component m
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Abaca Mechanical Tuxer 129 Philippi
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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Figure 2. Fiber Twisting Machine
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Main Products: Cellulosic Ethanol O
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converted to a high-carbon char mat
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NovaGreen Biomass Ethanol Separatio
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Detailed Process Description 133 On
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286
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agricultural waste could theoretica
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downstream value-added products whe
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Bio-Enriched Method (Trichoderma an
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Increases yield. Improves water-hol
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Environmental Considerations 141 Co
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298
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150 150 http://www.kinseiseishi.co.
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152 Type of non-woven materials Che
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Bale as feedstock USA, Commercial C
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Price of Machine : refer to the tab
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2. Cooking the Fiber: A rope is lai
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9. Weaving: Water is sprayed on the
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Decorticating Machine and Motorised
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usually contains two spindles set i
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tradition and, moreover, the range
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318
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Over 3.5 million coconut farmers ar
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The blades also propel coir fibre t
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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first using the drum method or the
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Job Potential: Farmers' cooperative
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Soundproofing and Insulating Materi
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The environmental impact is signifi
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. Suppliers K.E.F.I. - Kenaf Eco Fi
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Detailed Process Descriptions: 1. H
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In a two-stage setup, the target wi
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companies with expertise in this we
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Mezcal Production from Maguey Phili
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5. Crushing the agave. The roasted
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Method of Propagation Applying fert
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Main Products 198 Abaca fiber comes
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Being a high-priced fabric has prac
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Detailed Process Description 202 Me
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Rice Husk basket Burner India, Comm
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The ash should be white or grey wit
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Paper from Rice Straw Cyprus, Comme
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1. Vatting - Fill your vat halfway
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Ethanol Production by Acid Hydrolys
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improvements would provide cost sav
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Detailed Process Description 7. Ric
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Plywood from Sorghum China, Commerc
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Example of Real Life Applications L
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Figure 1. Schematic of gasifier-pow
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hull is a processing by-product of
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The size of the mill or number of m
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Figure 3. A 12-ft continuous evapor
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The finished syrup is thoroughly st
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Drinking Vinegar from Sweet Sorghum
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only four months. Ethanol, a cheape
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Davis & Standard Twin Screw Extrude
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Environmental and Social Considerat
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Detailed Process Description Figure
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operational analysis be carried out
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Figure 2. Hopper or Feeder The comp
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Broin Fractionation (BFRAC) 218 USA
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Collaboration with other companies
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NET INCOME Before Tax = 237, 600 -
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Cornstalk Flash Volatilization USA,
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Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
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degrades the wastes. The algal pond
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Job Potential: 231 Preparing the so
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Operations and Maintenance Requirem
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Detailed Process Description There
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Biochar 237 USA, Research Crop Resi
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422
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424
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Detailed Process Description: 241 2
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In addition to functioning as a thi
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The underflow from the first stage
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y essentially dry process technique
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industrial uses. It consists of mol
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yeast for high alcohol, and high-te
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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