Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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industrial uses. It consists of molds, plungers, top sliding platen, common lever, fulcrum, steel plates where the molds are welded, and casing assembly. Investment and Operating Cost The FPRDI-developed carbonizer, adjudged second prize winner in the mechanical inventions category in 1984, is a simple, low-cost machine capable of carbonizing sawdust, rice hull, coconut coir dust and other carbonaceous fine materials. It has a rectangular trough, hopper, charcoal receiver, swing-type metal plate cover and fire box. Cost of Equipment : P 268,000 (1997) Capacity : 152 kg/hr. IRR : 52% NPV : P 380,900 BCR : 1.24 Payback period : 2 years Examples of Real Life Applications Forest Products Research and Development Institute Department of Science and Technology Sources: 1. http://setup.dost.gov.ph/commerce.php?view=212 2. http://community.uplb.edu.ph/fprdi/publications/techflow/tf2briquettor.ht m 434
Ethanol Production from Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) Sweden, Research Crop Residue Process Rice Rice Straw Biochemical Conversion Equipment Main Product By-Product Ethanol Glycerol Technical Description of Technology Ethanol production from rice straw by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with Mucor indicus, Rhizopus oryzae, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated and compared with pure cellulose, The straw was pretreated with dilute-acid hydrolysis. The SSF experiments were carried out aerobically and anaerobically at 38 ◦C, 50 g/l dry matter (DM) solid substrate concentration and 15 or 30 filter paper unit (FPU)/g DM of a commercial cellulase. The experiments were ended after 7 days, while an average of 2–3 days were usually enough to achieve the maximum ethanol yield. All the strains were able to produce ethanol from the pretreated rice straw with an overall yield of 40–74% of the maximum theoretical SSF yield, based on the glucan available in the solid substrate. R. oryzae had the best ethanol yield as 74% from rice straw followed by M. indicus with an overall yield of 68% with 15 FPU/g DM of cellulase. Glycerol was the main byproduct of the SSF by M. indicus and S. cerevisiae with yields 117 and 90 mg/g of equivalent glucose in the pretreated straw, respectively, while R. oryzae produced lactic acid as the major byproduct with yield 60 mg/g glucose equivalent in pretreated rice straw under anaerobic conditions. The cellulose fraction of lignocelluloses can be converted to ethanol by either simultaneous saccharification or fermentation (SSF) or separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) processes. SSF is more favored because of its low potential costs. It results in higher yield of ethanol compared to SHF by minimizing product inhibition. M. indicusCCUG22424 and R. oryzaeCCUG28958, obtained from Culture Collection, University of G¨oteborg (G¨oteborg, Sweden) were used in the experiments. These fungi were maintained on agar slants containing (g/l): d- glucose, 40; soy peptone, 10; agar, 20 at pH 5.5 and 30±1 ◦C. Spore suspension was prepared by addition of 10 ml 0.05M buffer citrate to slant and shaking it vigorously with tube shaker. One milliliter of the suspension, which contained 5(±1)×106 spores/ml of M. indicus or R. oryzae was added to each flask. The strain of S. cerevisiae used was Thermosacc, stress-tolerant 435
Page 1 and 2:
Con v e r t i n g Wa s t e Agr i c
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Converting Waste Agricultural Bioma
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setting and identification of stake
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ACRONYMS CO2 CV DAP DTIE ESTs E-Was
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2. Rationale One of the critical ac
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3. Scope and Limitations In compili
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4. The Compendium The Project Websi
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• Basic technology information 9
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Table 1: Cellulosic Waste Biomass C
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Molding Oil Palm fruit residues Sug
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6. Recommendations The specific rec
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2-Drum Top Supported Boiler 12 USA,
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HYBRID PF 14 USA, Commercial Crop R
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operation of each to match the stea
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HYBRID RG 15 USA, Commercial Crop R
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All above work in concert to reduce
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HYBRID UF 16 USA, Commercial Crop R
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operation of each to match the stea
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TRI 17 USA, Commercial Crop Residue
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2-Drum Bottom Supported Boiler 18 U
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power boilers. Examples of Real Lif
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A fully automated continuous system
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Detailed Process Description A. Met
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Examples of Real Life Applications
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Detailed Process Description A. Met
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1. The Fibrowatt operation starts o
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HYBRID CG 21 USA, Commercial Crop R
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utilizing the most reliable system
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BTG Flash Pyrolysis Netherlands, Co
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Before processing organic materials
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a. Reactor : This was a downdraft,
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Price of Machine The total investme
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Main Products: The plant provides i
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Disadvantages to Developing Countri
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Detailed Process Description Kakira
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) 27 US
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Shelled Corn as Fuel 29 USA, Commer
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Amaizablaze/Nesco, Inc. P. O. Box 3
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HS-Tarm 5 Main Street, P.O. Box 285
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Lock Haven, PA 17745 800-582-4317 h
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P.O. Box 2075, Mankato, MN 56002 80
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The result is wood (biomass) can be
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Biomass Heating System 35 UK, Comme
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Supplier R.D. Associates, Ltd. Fuel
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Figure 5: KSM Drop Cell Unit Some o
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There is a tendency for fly ash to
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AgriPower 36 USA, Commercial Crop R
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BioMax 25 37 USA, Commercial Crop R
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102
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Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
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Two doors were designed for easy lo
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Asbestos gaskets are used while con
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The ash scraper slides through a cy
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flange attached at its bottom; this
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Other fuels such as saw dust brique
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The completed hybrid solar-biomass
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Greenfire 41 USA, Commercial Crop R
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Mayon Turbo Stove and Lo Trau Stove
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Social Considerations The stove was
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Commercial Gasifier 49 Philippines,
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The Modul-Pak ® boiler is a hybrid
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Suppliers Energy Quest, Inc. 850 So
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as well as the extraction, recovery
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oil production period in the mills.
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weatherproof and sound-attenuating
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Primenergy R-18 Gasifier producing
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Low-cost 500 kW thermal rice hull c
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Kansai Carbonized Rice Husk Gasifie
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Colusa Rice Straw / Hulls Technolog
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The customized harvester collects t
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Rice Husk Gasifier Philippines, Com
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2.5 MW Cogeneration Plant 65 Thaila
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San San Rice Husk Stove Myanmar, Co
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The technology of rice husk gasifie
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of trees can be controlled. This wo
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includes an automatic feeder, which
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Maligaya Rice Hull Stove 74 Philipp
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Parameters for Procurement Specific
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162
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a 100KW capacity Rice-Husk based Ga
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Rice husk briquette fuel 84 Banglad
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aised to US$ 6.84 million from the
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ease of removal of the char, a grat
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The rice husk gas burner for bakery
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Engineering and Environmental Manag
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Depending on the type of fuel it ha
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mode, all of the steam directed to
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pyrolysis) with air or oxygen at te
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R S for in-kind repair of boilers a
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Wood Biomass Electricity Generator
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Celunol's "wet" biomass conversion
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up to 1.3 million liters of cellulo
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This process is done in shredder ma
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The minimal price established is $C
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196
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Telephone (303) 933-3135 FAX (303)
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Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
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The stove uses cylindrical honeycom
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Research Centre for Applied Science
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air. Woody biomass available in ple
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Dry Grind Ethanol 99 USA, Under Con
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Price Ethanol sells as a commodity
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1 Figure 1. Design of the dryer Det
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footings made of brick and mortar.
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placed inside mild steel shell of l
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Biological Hydrogen Production from
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ioprocess for hydrogen production f
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a. Reactor: This was a downdraft, t
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Transpired Collector Solar-Biomass
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Drying chamber The drying chamber c
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Annexure 3 EST for Energy Conversio
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Detailed Process Description Figure
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Forest Products Research and Develo
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Advanced Gasification-Combustion (A
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Wood wool cement board (WWCB) Cemen
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Furnace-Type Lumber Dryer 105 Phili
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(i) Charring Drum. The charring dru
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The mould set is filled with the mi
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Solar Collector The solar collector
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Fluidized Bed Combustor for Steam G
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Small-Scale Biomass Pyrolyzer for F
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chips) aside from palay and allows
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Detailed Process Description There
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The IRRI DR-1 Batch Dryer 117 Phili
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Rice Hull Furnace attached to a blo
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was not continuously discharged fro
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Detailed Process Description Drying
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Rice Hull Ash Cement (RHAC) Hollow
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Annexure 4 EST for Material Convers
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Through a joint venture component m
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Abaca Mechanical Tuxer 129 Philippi
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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Figure 2. Fiber Twisting Machine
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Main Products: Cellulosic Ethanol O
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converted to a high-carbon char mat
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NovaGreen Biomass Ethanol Separatio
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Detailed Process Description 133 On
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286
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agricultural waste could theoretica
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downstream value-added products whe
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Bio-Enriched Method (Trichoderma an
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Increases yield. Improves water-hol
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Environmental Considerations 141 Co
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298
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150 150 http://www.kinseiseishi.co.
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152 Type of non-woven materials Che
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Bale as feedstock USA, Commercial C
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Price of Machine : refer to the tab
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2. Cooking the Fiber: A rope is lai
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9. Weaving: Water is sprayed on the
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Decorticating Machine and Motorised
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usually contains two spindles set i
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tradition and, moreover, the range
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318
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Over 3.5 million coconut farmers ar
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The blades also propel coir fibre t
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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first using the drum method or the
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Job Potential: Farmers' cooperative
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Soundproofing and Insulating Materi
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The environmental impact is signifi
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. Suppliers K.E.F.I. - Kenaf Eco Fi
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Detailed Process Descriptions: 1. H
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In a two-stage setup, the target wi
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companies with expertise in this we
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Mezcal Production from Maguey Phili
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5. Crushing the agave. The roasted
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Method of Propagation Applying fert
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Main Products 198 Abaca fiber comes
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Being a high-priced fabric has prac
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Detailed Process Description 202 Me
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Rice Husk basket Burner India, Comm
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The ash should be white or grey wit
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Paper from Rice Straw Cyprus, Comme
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1. Vatting - Fill your vat halfway
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Ethanol Production by Acid Hydrolys
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improvements would provide cost sav
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Detailed Process Description 7. Ric
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Plywood from Sorghum China, Commerc
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Example of Real Life Applications L
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Figure 1. Schematic of gasifier-pow
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hull is a processing by-product of
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The size of the mill or number of m
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Figure 3. A 12-ft continuous evapor
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The finished syrup is thoroughly st
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Page 388 and 389: only four months. Ethanol, a cheape
Page 390 and 391: Davis & Standard Twin Screw Extrude
Page 392 and 393: Environmental and Social Considerat
Page 394 and 395: Annexure 5 EST for Material Convers
Page 396 and 397: Detailed Process Description Figure
Page 398 and 399: operational analysis be carried out
Page 400 and 401: Figure 2. Hopper or Feeder The comp
Page 402 and 403: Broin Fractionation (BFRAC) 218 USA
Page 404 and 405: Collaboration with other companies
Page 406 and 407: NET INCOME Before Tax = 237, 600 -
Page 408 and 409: Cornstalk Flash Volatilization USA,
Page 410 and 411: Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
Page 412 and 413: degrades the wastes. The algal pond
Page 414 and 415: Job Potential: 231 Preparing the so
Page 416 and 417: Annexure 6 EST for Material Convers
Page 418 and 419: Operations and Maintenance Requirem
Page 420 and 421: Detailed Process Description There
Page 422 and 423: Biochar 237 USA, Research Crop Resi
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Page 428 and 429: Detailed Process Description: 241 2
Page 430 and 431: In addition to functioning as a thi
Page 432 and 433: The underflow from the first stage
Page 434 and 435: y essentially dry process technique
Page 438 and 439: yeast for high alcohol, and high-te
Page 440 and 441: About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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