Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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Celunol's "wet" biomass conversion process 91 USA, Pilot Demonstration Crop Residue Process Equipment Main Product Sugarcane, wood, etc. sugarcane bagasse and wood, cellulosic biomass Fermentation SunOpta's patented pre-treatment equipment Ethanol Technical Description of Technology Celunol is a leader in the effort to commercialize the production of cellulosic ethanol. The Company’s technology achieves high ethanol yields from cellulosic biomass at costs competitive with conventional ethanol processes using sugar and starch crops as feedstock. Celunol’s technology enables almost complete conversion of all the sugars found in cellulosic biomass. This efficiency advantage, combined with the low input cost of cellulosic biomass, results in superior economics in the production of ethanol. 91 http://thefraserdomain.typepad.com/energy/2007/02/celunol_cellose.html 188
Cellulose contains glucose, the same type of sugar—a six-carbon (C6) sugar—that is found in cornstarch and that can be fermented to ethanol using conventional yeasts. However, hemicellulose contains mainly non-glucose sugars—five-carbon (C5) sugars. Conventional yeasts cannot ferment most non-glucose sugars to ethanol with commercially acceptable yields. Celunol's technology is based on the metabolic engineering of microorganisms. Its key element is a set of genetically engineered strains of Escherichia coli bacteria that are capable of fermenting, <strong>into</strong> ethanol, essentially all of the sugars released from many types of cellulosic biomass. This trait enables Celunol to achieve the required efficiency to make the process commercially feasible. Celunol will use SunOpta's patented pre-treatment equipment and technology in the Jennings facility. SunOpta’s pretreatment and hydrolysis technology will prepare sugar cane bagasse and possibly hard wood waste for conversion <strong>into</strong> ethanol. Specific Considerations for Developing Countries Celunol’s biomass ethanol technology offers numerous marketplace advantages: • Feedstocks costs will be lower, and less volatile, than corn. • Cellulosic ethanol facilities can be fueled by lignin waste streams derived from the process itself, avoiding the high and volatile price of natural gas as a boiler fuel for steam and electricity. • Plants can be located outside traditional ethanol manufacturing areas and near end-use markets, creating a transportation cost advantage. • Plants handling agricultural or urban wastes, pulp and paper sludge, etc. can simultaneously meet acute waste remediation needs, earn tipping fees, and yield valuable products. Examples of Real Life Applications Celunol operates the Jennings pilot facility, on a 140-acre company-owned site in Jennings LA, designed to produce up to 50,000 gallons of ethanol per year. Celunol commenced operation of its newly expanded pilot facility in November 2006. It is building a 1.4 million gallon demonstration facility to produce ethanol from sugarcane bagasse and wood, targeted for completion in mid 2007. This will be the first commercial scale cellulosic ethanol plant in the United States. Later, the Company is planning a commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol facility at the site. The company has also licensed its technology to Marubeni Corp., a Japanese conglomerate, which has recently started up, the world’s first commercial cellulosic ethanol facility in Osaka, Japan that employs wood waste as a feedstock. The Osaka Project utilizes wood waste as feedstock in producing 189
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Con v e r t i n g Wa s t e Agr i c
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Converting Waste Agricultural Bioma
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setting and identification of stake
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ACRONYMS CO2 CV DAP DTIE ESTs E-Was
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2. Rationale One of the critical ac
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3. Scope and Limitations In compili
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4. The Compendium The Project Websi
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• Basic technology information 9
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Table 1: Cellulosic Waste Biomass C
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Molding Oil Palm fruit residues Sug
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6. Recommendations The specific rec
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2-Drum Top Supported Boiler 12 USA,
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HYBRID PF 14 USA, Commercial Crop R
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operation of each to match the stea
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HYBRID RG 15 USA, Commercial Crop R
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All above work in concert to reduce
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HYBRID UF 16 USA, Commercial Crop R
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operation of each to match the stea
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TRI 17 USA, Commercial Crop Residue
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2-Drum Bottom Supported Boiler 18 U
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power boilers. Examples of Real Lif
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A fully automated continuous system
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Detailed Process Description A. Met
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Examples of Real Life Applications
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Detailed Process Description A. Met
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1. The Fibrowatt operation starts o
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HYBRID CG 21 USA, Commercial Crop R
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utilizing the most reliable system
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BTG Flash Pyrolysis Netherlands, Co
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Before processing organic materials
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a. Reactor : This was a downdraft,
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Price of Machine The total investme
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Main Products: The plant provides i
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Disadvantages to Developing Countri
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Detailed Process Description Kakira
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) 27 US
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Shelled Corn as Fuel 29 USA, Commer
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Amaizablaze/Nesco, Inc. P. O. Box 3
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HS-Tarm 5 Main Street, P.O. Box 285
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Lock Haven, PA 17745 800-582-4317 h
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P.O. Box 2075, Mankato, MN 56002 80
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The result is wood (biomass) can be
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Biomass Heating System 35 UK, Comme
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Supplier R.D. Associates, Ltd. Fuel
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Figure 5: KSM Drop Cell Unit Some o
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There is a tendency for fly ash to
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AgriPower 36 USA, Commercial Crop R
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BioMax 25 37 USA, Commercial Crop R
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102
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Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
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Two doors were designed for easy lo
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Asbestos gaskets are used while con
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The ash scraper slides through a cy
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flange attached at its bottom; this
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Other fuels such as saw dust brique
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The completed hybrid solar-biomass
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Greenfire 41 USA, Commercial Crop R
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Mayon Turbo Stove and Lo Trau Stove
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Social Considerations The stove was
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Commercial Gasifier 49 Philippines,
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The Modul-Pak ® boiler is a hybrid
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Suppliers Energy Quest, Inc. 850 So
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as well as the extraction, recovery
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oil production period in the mills.
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weatherproof and sound-attenuating
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Primenergy R-18 Gasifier producing
Page 140 and 141: Low-cost 500 kW thermal rice hull c
Page 142 and 143: Kansai Carbonized Rice Husk Gasifie
Page 144 and 145: Colusa Rice Straw / Hulls Technolog
Page 146 and 147: The customized harvester collects t
Page 148 and 149: Rice Husk Gasifier Philippines, Com
Page 150 and 151: 2.5 MW Cogeneration Plant 65 Thaila
Page 152 and 153: San San Rice Husk Stove Myanmar, Co
Page 154 and 155: The technology of rice husk gasifie
Page 156 and 157: of trees can be controlled. This wo
Page 158 and 159: includes an automatic feeder, which
Page 160 and 161: Maligaya Rice Hull Stove 74 Philipp
Page 162 and 163: Parameters for Procurement Specific
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Page 166 and 167: a 100KW capacity Rice-Husk based Ga
Page 168 and 169: Rice husk briquette fuel 84 Banglad
Page 170 and 171: aised to US$ 6.84 million from the
Page 172 and 173: ease of removal of the char, a grat
Page 174 and 175: The rice husk gas burner for bakery
Page 176 and 177: Engineering and Environmental Manag
Page 178 and 179: Depending on the type of fuel it ha
Page 180 and 181: mode, all of the steam directed to
Page 182 and 183: pyrolysis) with air or oxygen at te
Page 184 and 185: R S for in-kind repair of boilers a
Page 186 and 187: Wood Biomass Electricity Generator
Page 188 and 189: Advantages to Developing Countries
Page 192 and 193: up to 1.3 million liters of cellulo
Page 194 and 195: This process is done in shredder ma
Page 196 and 197: The minimal price established is $C
Page 198 and 199: 196
Page 200 and 201: Telephone (303) 933-3135 FAX (303)
Page 202 and 203: Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
Page 204 and 205: The stove uses cylindrical honeycom
Page 206 and 207: Research Centre for Applied Science
Page 208 and 209: air. Woody biomass available in ple
Page 210 and 211: Dry Grind Ethanol 99 USA, Under Con
Page 212 and 213: Price Ethanol sells as a commodity
Page 214 and 215: 1 Figure 1. Design of the dryer Det
Page 216 and 217: footings made of brick and mortar.
Page 218 and 219: placed inside mild steel shell of l
Page 220 and 221: Biological Hydrogen Production from
Page 222 and 223: ioprocess for hydrogen production f
Page 224 and 225: a. Reactor: This was a downdraft, t
Page 226 and 227: Transpired Collector Solar-Biomass
Page 228 and 229: Drying chamber The drying chamber c
Page 230 and 231: Annexure 3 EST for Energy Conversio
Page 232 and 233: Detailed Process Description Figure
Page 234 and 235: Forest Products Research and Develo
Page 236 and 237: Advanced Gasification-Combustion (A
Page 238 and 239: Wood wool cement board (WWCB) Cemen
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Furnace-Type Lumber Dryer 105 Phili
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(i) Charring Drum. The charring dru
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The mould set is filled with the mi
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Solar Collector The solar collector
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Fluidized Bed Combustor for Steam G
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Small-Scale Biomass Pyrolyzer for F
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chips) aside from palay and allows
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Detailed Process Description There
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The IRRI DR-1 Batch Dryer 117 Phili
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Rice Hull Furnace attached to a blo
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was not continuously discharged fro
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Detailed Process Description Drying
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Rice Hull Ash Cement (RHAC) Hollow
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Annexure 4 EST for Material Convers
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Through a joint venture component m
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Abaca Mechanical Tuxer 129 Philippi
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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Figure 2. Fiber Twisting Machine
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Main Products: Cellulosic Ethanol O
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converted to a high-carbon char mat
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NovaGreen Biomass Ethanol Separatio
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Detailed Process Description 133 On
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286
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agricultural waste could theoretica
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downstream value-added products whe
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Bio-Enriched Method (Trichoderma an
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Increases yield. Improves water-hol
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Environmental Considerations 141 Co
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298
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150 150 http://www.kinseiseishi.co.
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152 Type of non-woven materials Che
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Bale as feedstock USA, Commercial C
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Price of Machine : refer to the tab
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2. Cooking the Fiber: A rope is lai
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9. Weaving: Water is sprayed on the
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Decorticating Machine and Motorised
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usually contains two spindles set i
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tradition and, moreover, the range
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318
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Over 3.5 million coconut farmers ar
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The blades also propel coir fibre t
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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first using the drum method or the
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Job Potential: Farmers' cooperative
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Soundproofing and Insulating Materi
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The environmental impact is signifi
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. Suppliers K.E.F.I. - Kenaf Eco Fi
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Detailed Process Descriptions: 1. H
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In a two-stage setup, the target wi
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companies with expertise in this we
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Mezcal Production from Maguey Phili
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5. Crushing the agave. The roasted
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Method of Propagation Applying fert
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Main Products 198 Abaca fiber comes
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Being a high-priced fabric has prac
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Detailed Process Description 202 Me
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Rice Husk basket Burner India, Comm
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The ash should be white or grey wit
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Paper from Rice Straw Cyprus, Comme
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1. Vatting - Fill your vat halfway
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Ethanol Production by Acid Hydrolys
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improvements would provide cost sav
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Detailed Process Description 7. Ric
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Plywood from Sorghum China, Commerc
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Example of Real Life Applications L
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Figure 1. Schematic of gasifier-pow
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hull is a processing by-product of
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The size of the mill or number of m
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Figure 3. A 12-ft continuous evapor
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The finished syrup is thoroughly st
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Drinking Vinegar from Sweet Sorghum
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only four months. Ethanol, a cheape
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Davis & Standard Twin Screw Extrude
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Environmental and Social Considerat
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Detailed Process Description Figure
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operational analysis be carried out
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Figure 2. Hopper or Feeder The comp
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Broin Fractionation (BFRAC) 218 USA
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Collaboration with other companies
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NET INCOME Before Tax = 237, 600 -
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Cornstalk Flash Volatilization USA,
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Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
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degrades the wastes. The algal pond
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Job Potential: 231 Preparing the so
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Operations and Maintenance Requirem
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Detailed Process Description There
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Biochar 237 USA, Research Crop Resi
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422
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424
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Detailed Process Description: 241 2
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In addition to functioning as a thi
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The underflow from the first stage
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y essentially dry process technique
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industrial uses. It consists of mol
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yeast for high alcohol, and high-te
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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