Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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Davis & Standard Twin Screw Extruder USA, Commercial Crop Residue Process Equipment Main Product By-Product Wheat Straw Fiberization, Reduction Twin Screw Extruder Wheat straw polypropylene composites used as agro plastic materials 208 Pelletized feedstock Technical Description of Technology 209 Twin Screw Extruder * Modular co-rotating twin-screw extruder * In-line compounding series * Diameters from 20mm and larger * Designed for research and/or continuous production * Processing speeds up to 1800 RPM Detailed Process Description 210 Figure 1. General Schematic of the Compounding Process 208 http://www.agroplastics.com/biomass.pdf 209 http://www.davis-standard.com/public_html/products/compounding.html 210 http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1997/johns97b.pdf 388
All of the composite blends were compounded in a Davis & Standard (Pawcatuck Conn.) twin-screw extruder. The extruder has 32-mm diameter co rotating intermeshing segmented screws with a length-to-diameter ratio of 32:1. There are eight electrically heated, water-cooled barrel sections, two that have vents for removing volatile materials. Power is supplied by a 15-hp DC drive, and a four-hole strand die is fitted to the discharge end. The machine’s capacity is 45 kg (100 lb.) of unfilled polypropylene per hour. The extruded strands of wheat straw/polypropylene composites were cooled in a water slide trough and then pelletized in a Cumberland (Providence, R.I.) pelletizer. A flow diagram of the process is shown in Figure 1. The wheat straw was processed using different fiberization and size reduction technologies. Pinnacle has developed two grades of 30 percent wheat straw/70 percent polypropylene for market (WS-01 and WS-02). In addition, a third grade has been developed which is 30 percent wheat straw/70 percent polyethylene (WS-03). Prior to compounding, all the wheat straw samples were predried from ambient moisture content of 10 to 12 percent to approximately 1 percent. This predrying stage is critical before the compounding stage since excess moisture in the straw will produce steam. This causes the final pellet to foam and can trap moisture inside the pellet. Vacuum is applied to the vent zones of the extruder to remove the final 1 percent moisture and the final composite pellets are ready for further testing. After the compounding stage and pelletizing, the blends were dried at 105°C from 2 to 4 hours and injection-molded <strong>into</strong> standard ASTM test specimens on a Cincinnati Milicron 33-ton reciprocating screwtype 33 molding machine. The screw diameter is 32 mm with a length-to-diameter ratio of 20:1 and a nozzle size of 3.12 mm. Job Potential 211 The plants have all been designed for rural economic development. Each plant will employ 15 - 20 people and will be placed near the wheat straw to reduce shipping costs as well as provide the opportunity for well paying, manufacturing jobs in farming communities. This system can be a large economic boon to communities that are now struggling to provide non-farm jobs in order to support its citizens and increase their tax base. Operation and Maintenance Requirements 212 Each manufacturing plant will produce 15 tons per operating day of polypropylene/polyethylene resin pellets containing up to 50% wheat straw. Total cost for the commercial facility system is $2,000,000. Electrical power loads are 400 HP and natural gas loads are 3,800 SCFD for the facility. 211 ibid. 212 ibid. 389
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Con v e r t i n g Wa s t e Agr i c
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Converting Waste Agricultural Bioma
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setting and identification of stake
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ACRONYMS CO2 CV DAP DTIE ESTs E-Was
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2. Rationale One of the critical ac
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3. Scope and Limitations In compili
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4. The Compendium The Project Websi
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• Basic technology information 9
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Table 1: Cellulosic Waste Biomass C
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Molding Oil Palm fruit residues Sug
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6. Recommendations The specific rec
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2-Drum Top Supported Boiler 12 USA,
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HYBRID PF 14 USA, Commercial Crop R
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operation of each to match the stea
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HYBRID RG 15 USA, Commercial Crop R
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All above work in concert to reduce
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HYBRID UF 16 USA, Commercial Crop R
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operation of each to match the stea
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TRI 17 USA, Commercial Crop Residue
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2-Drum Bottom Supported Boiler 18 U
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power boilers. Examples of Real Lif
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A fully automated continuous system
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Detailed Process Description A. Met
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Examples of Real Life Applications
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Detailed Process Description A. Met
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1. The Fibrowatt operation starts o
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HYBRID CG 21 USA, Commercial Crop R
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utilizing the most reliable system
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BTG Flash Pyrolysis Netherlands, Co
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Before processing organic materials
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a. Reactor : This was a downdraft,
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Price of Machine The total investme
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Main Products: The plant provides i
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Disadvantages to Developing Countri
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Detailed Process Description Kakira
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) 27 US
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Shelled Corn as Fuel 29 USA, Commer
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Amaizablaze/Nesco, Inc. P. O. Box 3
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HS-Tarm 5 Main Street, P.O. Box 285
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Lock Haven, PA 17745 800-582-4317 h
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P.O. Box 2075, Mankato, MN 56002 80
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The result is wood (biomass) can be
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Biomass Heating System 35 UK, Comme
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Supplier R.D. Associates, Ltd. Fuel
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Figure 5: KSM Drop Cell Unit Some o
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There is a tendency for fly ash to
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AgriPower 36 USA, Commercial Crop R
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BioMax 25 37 USA, Commercial Crop R
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102
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Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
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Two doors were designed for easy lo
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Asbestos gaskets are used while con
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The ash scraper slides through a cy
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flange attached at its bottom; this
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Other fuels such as saw dust brique
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The completed hybrid solar-biomass
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Greenfire 41 USA, Commercial Crop R
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Mayon Turbo Stove and Lo Trau Stove
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Social Considerations The stove was
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Commercial Gasifier 49 Philippines,
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The Modul-Pak ® boiler is a hybrid
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Suppliers Energy Quest, Inc. 850 So
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as well as the extraction, recovery
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oil production period in the mills.
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weatherproof and sound-attenuating
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Primenergy R-18 Gasifier producing
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Low-cost 500 kW thermal rice hull c
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Kansai Carbonized Rice Husk Gasifie
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Colusa Rice Straw / Hulls Technolog
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The customized harvester collects t
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Rice Husk Gasifier Philippines, Com
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2.5 MW Cogeneration Plant 65 Thaila
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San San Rice Husk Stove Myanmar, Co
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The technology of rice husk gasifie
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of trees can be controlled. This wo
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includes an automatic feeder, which
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Maligaya Rice Hull Stove 74 Philipp
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Parameters for Procurement Specific
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162
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a 100KW capacity Rice-Husk based Ga
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Rice husk briquette fuel 84 Banglad
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aised to US$ 6.84 million from the
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ease of removal of the char, a grat
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The rice husk gas burner for bakery
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Engineering and Environmental Manag
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Depending on the type of fuel it ha
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mode, all of the steam directed to
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pyrolysis) with air or oxygen at te
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R S for in-kind repair of boilers a
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Wood Biomass Electricity Generator
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Celunol's "wet" biomass conversion
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up to 1.3 million liters of cellulo
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This process is done in shredder ma
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The minimal price established is $C
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196
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Telephone (303) 933-3135 FAX (303)
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Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
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The stove uses cylindrical honeycom
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Research Centre for Applied Science
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air. Woody biomass available in ple
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Dry Grind Ethanol 99 USA, Under Con
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Price Ethanol sells as a commodity
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1 Figure 1. Design of the dryer Det
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footings made of brick and mortar.
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placed inside mild steel shell of l
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Biological Hydrogen Production from
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ioprocess for hydrogen production f
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a. Reactor: This was a downdraft, t
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Transpired Collector Solar-Biomass
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Drying chamber The drying chamber c
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Annexure 3 EST for Energy Conversio
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Detailed Process Description Figure
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Forest Products Research and Develo
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Advanced Gasification-Combustion (A
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Wood wool cement board (WWCB) Cemen
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Furnace-Type Lumber Dryer 105 Phili
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(i) Charring Drum. The charring dru
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The mould set is filled with the mi
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Solar Collector The solar collector
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Fluidized Bed Combustor for Steam G
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Small-Scale Biomass Pyrolyzer for F
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chips) aside from palay and allows
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Detailed Process Description There
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The IRRI DR-1 Batch Dryer 117 Phili
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Rice Hull Furnace attached to a blo
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was not continuously discharged fro
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Detailed Process Description Drying
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Rice Hull Ash Cement (RHAC) Hollow
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Annexure 4 EST for Material Convers
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Through a joint venture component m
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Abaca Mechanical Tuxer 129 Philippi
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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Figure 2. Fiber Twisting Machine
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Main Products: Cellulosic Ethanol O
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converted to a high-carbon char mat
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NovaGreen Biomass Ethanol Separatio
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Detailed Process Description 133 On
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286
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agricultural waste could theoretica
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downstream value-added products whe
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Bio-Enriched Method (Trichoderma an
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Increases yield. Improves water-hol
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Environmental Considerations 141 Co
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298
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150 150 http://www.kinseiseishi.co.
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152 Type of non-woven materials Che
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Bale as feedstock USA, Commercial C
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Price of Machine : refer to the tab
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2. Cooking the Fiber: A rope is lai
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9. Weaving: Water is sprayed on the
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Decorticating Machine and Motorised
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usually contains two spindles set i
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tradition and, moreover, the range
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318
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Over 3.5 million coconut farmers ar
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The blades also propel coir fibre t
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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first using the drum method or the
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Job Potential: Farmers' cooperative
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Soundproofing and Insulating Materi
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The environmental impact is signifi
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. Suppliers K.E.F.I. - Kenaf Eco Fi
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Detailed Process Descriptions: 1. H
Page 340 and 341: Examples of Real Life Applications
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Page 344 and 345: companies with expertise in this we
Page 346 and 347: Mezcal Production from Maguey Phili
Page 348 and 349: 5. Crushing the agave. The roasted
Page 350 and 351: Method of Propagation Applying fert
Page 352 and 353: Main Products 198 Abaca fiber comes
Page 354 and 355: Being a high-priced fabric has prac
Page 356 and 357: Detailed Process Description 202 Me
Page 358 and 359: Rice Husk basket Burner India, Comm
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Page 362 and 363: Paper from Rice Straw Cyprus, Comme
Page 364 and 365: 1. Vatting - Fill your vat halfway
Page 366 and 367: Ethanol Production by Acid Hydrolys
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Page 370 and 371: Detailed Process Description 7. Ric
Page 372 and 373: Plywood from Sorghum China, Commerc
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Page 376 and 377: Figure 1. Schematic of gasifier-pow
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Page 382 and 383: Figure 3. A 12-ft continuous evapor
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Page 392 and 393: Environmental and Social Considerat
Page 394 and 395: Annexure 5 EST for Material Convers
Page 396 and 397: Detailed Process Description Figure
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Page 400 and 401: Figure 2. Hopper or Feeder The comp
Page 402 and 403: Broin Fractionation (BFRAC) 218 USA
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Page 406 and 407: NET INCOME Before Tax = 237, 600 -
Page 408 and 409: Cornstalk Flash Volatilization USA,
Page 410 and 411: Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
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Page 414 and 415: Job Potential: 231 Preparing the so
Page 416 and 417: Annexure 6 EST for Material Convers
Page 418 and 419: Operations and Maintenance Requirem
Page 420 and 421: Detailed Process Description There
Page 422 and 423: Biochar 237 USA, Research Crop Resi
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Page 428 and 429: Detailed Process Description: 241 2
Page 430 and 431: In addition to functioning as a thi
Page 432 and 433: The underflow from the first stage
Page 434 and 435: y essentially dry process technique
Page 436 and 437: industrial uses. It consists of mol
Page 438 and 439: yeast for high alcohol, and high-te
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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