Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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Price of Machine The total investment cost for the project is around Euro 35.5 million, excluding civil works and building foundation. The expected payback period is 5 years after commissioning. GHG Emission Reduction Potential The total Green House Gas (GHG) Mitigation by implementing this bagassefired project is expected around 278,610 tonnes of CO2 equivalent per year. Examples of Real Life Applications Implemented since 2004 Dan Chang Bio-Energy project Thailand 66
<strong>Biomass</strong>-based Cogeneration Plant Tanzania, Commercial Crop Residue Process Sugar Cane Bagasse Cogeneration Equipment Main Product Fuel Technical Description of Technology The simplest plant setup of a Bagasse Cogeneration plant (see Figure 1) involves the installation of a boiler producing higher steam pressure than required for the process. This steam is passed through a steam turbine where some of the energy is used to generate mechanical power for driving an alternator for electricity. The steam exits the turbine at a reduced pressure and is then returned to the boiler as condensate or hot water. The primary objective of the energy system is the production of steam hence the electricity that is produced is governed by the demand for process steam. In some cases especially in sugar mills the electricity becomes a primary product when the steam is excess to requirements such as is the case after milling season. The turbine would then be a condensing one where the steam is returned to the boiler without having to pass through the process. Under these circumstances the plant operates as a bagasse fired power station. Figure 1. Structure of a Bagasse Cogeneration Plant 67
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Con v e r t i n g Wa s t e Agr i c
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Converting Waste Agricultural Bioma
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setting and identification of stake
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ACRONYMS CO2 CV DAP DTIE ESTs E-Was
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2. Rationale One of the critical ac
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3. Scope and Limitations In compili
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4. The Compendium The Project Websi
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• Basic technology information 9
Page 17 and 18: Table 1: Cellulosic Waste Biomass C
Page 19 and 20: Molding Oil Palm fruit residues Sug
Page 21 and 22: 6. Recommendations The specific rec
Page 23 and 24: 2-Drum Top Supported Boiler 12 USA,
Page 25 and 26: HYBRID PF 14 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 27 and 28: operation of each to match the stea
Page 29 and 30: HYBRID RG 15 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 31 and 32: All above work in concert to reduce
Page 33 and 34: HYBRID UF 16 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 35 and 36: operation of each to match the stea
Page 37 and 38: TRI 17 USA, Commercial Crop Residue
Page 39 and 40: 2-Drum Bottom Supported Boiler 18 U
Page 41 and 42: power boilers. Examples of Real Lif
Page 43 and 44: A fully automated continuous system
Page 45 and 46: Detailed Process Description A. Met
Page 47 and 48: Examples of Real Life Applications
Page 49 and 50: Detailed Process Description A. Met
Page 53 and 54: 1. The Fibrowatt operation starts o
Page 55 and 56: HYBRID CG 21 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 57 and 58: utilizing the most reliable system
Page 59 and 60: BTG Flash Pyrolysis Netherlands, Co
Page 61 and 62: Before processing organic materials
Page 63 and 64: a. Reactor : This was a downdraft,
Page 70 and 71: Main Products: The plant provides i
Page 72 and 73: Disadvantages to Developing Countri
Page 74 and 75: Detailed Process Description Kakira
Page 76 and 77: Example of Real Life Applications C
Page 78 and 79: Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) 27 US
Page 80 and 81: Shelled Corn as Fuel 29 USA, Commer
Page 82 and 83: Amaizablaze/Nesco, Inc. P. O. Box 3
Page 84 and 85: HS-Tarm 5 Main Street, P.O. Box 285
Page 86 and 87: Lock Haven, PA 17745 800-582-4317 h
Page 88 and 89: P.O. Box 2075, Mankato, MN 56002 80
Page 90 and 91: The result is wood (biomass) can be
Page 92 and 93: Biomass Heating System 35 UK, Comme
Page 94 and 95: Supplier R.D. Associates, Ltd. Fuel
Page 96 and 97: Figure 5: KSM Drop Cell Unit Some o
Page 98 and 99: There is a tendency for fly ash to
Page 100 and 101: AgriPower 36 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 102 and 103: BioMax 25 37 USA, Commercial Crop R
Page 104 and 105: 102
Page 106 and 107: Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
Page 108 and 109: Two doors were designed for easy lo
Page 110 and 111: Asbestos gaskets are used while con
Page 112 and 113: The ash scraper slides through a cy
Page 114 and 115: flange attached at its bottom; this
Page 116 and 117: Other fuels such as saw dust brique
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The completed hybrid solar-biomass
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Greenfire 41 USA, Commercial Crop R
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Mayon Turbo Stove and Lo Trau Stove
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Social Considerations The stove was
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Commercial Gasifier 49 Philippines,
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The Modul-Pak ® boiler is a hybrid
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Suppliers Energy Quest, Inc. 850 So
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as well as the extraction, recovery
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oil production period in the mills.
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weatherproof and sound-attenuating
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Primenergy R-18 Gasifier producing
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Low-cost 500 kW thermal rice hull c
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Kansai Carbonized Rice Husk Gasifie
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Colusa Rice Straw / Hulls Technolog
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The customized harvester collects t
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Rice Husk Gasifier Philippines, Com
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2.5 MW Cogeneration Plant 65 Thaila
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San San Rice Husk Stove Myanmar, Co
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The technology of rice husk gasifie
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of trees can be controlled. This wo
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includes an automatic feeder, which
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Maligaya Rice Hull Stove 74 Philipp
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Parameters for Procurement Specific
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162
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a 100KW capacity Rice-Husk based Ga
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Rice husk briquette fuel 84 Banglad
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aised to US$ 6.84 million from the
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ease of removal of the char, a grat
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The rice husk gas burner for bakery
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Engineering and Environmental Manag
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Depending on the type of fuel it ha
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mode, all of the steam directed to
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pyrolysis) with air or oxygen at te
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R S for in-kind repair of boilers a
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Wood Biomass Electricity Generator
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Celunol's "wet" biomass conversion
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up to 1.3 million liters of cellulo
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This process is done in shredder ma
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The minimal price established is $C
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196
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Telephone (303) 933-3135 FAX (303)
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Solar-Biomass Hybrid Cabinet Dryer
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The stove uses cylindrical honeycom
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Research Centre for Applied Science
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air. Woody biomass available in ple
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Dry Grind Ethanol 99 USA, Under Con
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Price Ethanol sells as a commodity
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1 Figure 1. Design of the dryer Det
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footings made of brick and mortar.
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placed inside mild steel shell of l
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Biological Hydrogen Production from
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ioprocess for hydrogen production f
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a. Reactor: This was a downdraft, t
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Transpired Collector Solar-Biomass
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Drying chamber The drying chamber c
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Annexure 3 EST for Energy Conversio
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Detailed Process Description Figure
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Forest Products Research and Develo
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Advanced Gasification-Combustion (A
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Wood wool cement board (WWCB) Cemen
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Furnace-Type Lumber Dryer 105 Phili
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(i) Charring Drum. The charring dru
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The mould set is filled with the mi
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Solar Collector The solar collector
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Fluidized Bed Combustor for Steam G
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Small-Scale Biomass Pyrolyzer for F
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chips) aside from palay and allows
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Detailed Process Description There
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The IRRI DR-1 Batch Dryer 117 Phili
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Rice Hull Furnace attached to a blo
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was not continuously discharged fro
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Detailed Process Description Drying
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Rice Hull Ash Cement (RHAC) Hollow
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Annexure 4 EST for Material Convers
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Through a joint venture component m
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Abaca Mechanical Tuxer 129 Philippi
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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Figure 2. Fiber Twisting Machine
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Example of Real Life Applications C
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Main Products: Cellulosic Ethanol O
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converted to a high-carbon char mat
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NovaGreen Biomass Ethanol Separatio
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Advantages to Developing Countries
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Detailed Process Description 133 On
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286
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agricultural waste could theoretica
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downstream value-added products whe
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Bio-Enriched Method (Trichoderma an
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Increases yield. Improves water-hol
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Environmental Considerations 141 Co
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298
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150 150 http://www.kinseiseishi.co.
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152 Type of non-woven materials Che
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Bale as feedstock USA, Commercial C
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Price of Machine : refer to the tab
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2. Cooking the Fiber: A rope is lai
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9. Weaving: Water is sprayed on the
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Decorticating Machine and Motorised
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usually contains two spindles set i
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tradition and, moreover, the range
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318
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Over 3.5 million coconut farmers ar
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The blades also propel coir fibre t
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Economic instruments for overcoming
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first using the drum method or the
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Job Potential: Farmers' cooperative
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Soundproofing and Insulating Materi
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The environmental impact is signifi
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. Suppliers K.E.F.I. - Kenaf Eco Fi
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Detailed Process Descriptions: 1. H
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Examples of Real Life Applications
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In a two-stage setup, the target wi
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companies with expertise in this we
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Mezcal Production from Maguey Phili
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5. Crushing the agave. The roasted
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Method of Propagation Applying fert
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Main Products 198 Abaca fiber comes
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Being a high-priced fabric has prac
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Detailed Process Description 202 Me
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Rice Husk basket Burner India, Comm
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The ash should be white or grey wit
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Paper from Rice Straw Cyprus, Comme
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1. Vatting - Fill your vat halfway
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Ethanol Production by Acid Hydrolys
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improvements would provide cost sav
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Detailed Process Description 7. Ric
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Plywood from Sorghum China, Commerc
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Example of Real Life Applications L
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Figure 1. Schematic of gasifier-pow
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hull is a processing by-product of
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The size of the mill or number of m
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Figure 3. A 12-ft continuous evapor
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The finished syrup is thoroughly st
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Drinking Vinegar from Sweet Sorghum
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only four months. Ethanol, a cheape
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Davis & Standard Twin Screw Extrude
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Environmental and Social Considerat
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Detailed Process Description Figure
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operational analysis be carried out
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Figure 2. Hopper or Feeder The comp
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Broin Fractionation (BFRAC) 218 USA
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Collaboration with other companies
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NET INCOME Before Tax = 237, 600 -
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Cornstalk Flash Volatilization USA,
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Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
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degrades the wastes. The algal pond
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Job Potential: 231 Preparing the so
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Operations and Maintenance Requirem
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Detailed Process Description There
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Biochar 237 USA, Research Crop Resi
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422
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424
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Detailed Process Description: 241 2
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In addition to functioning as a thi
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The underflow from the first stage
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y essentially dry process technique
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industrial uses. It consists of mol
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yeast for high alcohol, and high-te
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About the UNEP Division of Technolo
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Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource - UNEP

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