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Contents<br />

1 Introduction 5<br />

2 Particle Image Velocimetry 13<br />

2.1 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />

2.2 Generation <strong>of</strong> appropriate tracer-particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16<br />

2.2.1 Description <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16<br />

2.2.2 Particle size analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17<br />

2.2.3 Flow visualisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />

2.2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />

2.3 Registration <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> particle images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23<br />

2.3.1 Principles <strong>of</strong> CCD sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24<br />

2.3.2 Quantum efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />

2.3.3 CCD architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26<br />

2.4 Particle image analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />

2.4.1 Particle image density, loss <strong>of</strong> pairs and velocity gradients . . . . . . 30<br />

2.4.2 Signal-peak detection and displacement determination . . . . . . . . 31<br />

3 Stereo-scopic Particle Image Velocimetry 37<br />

3.1 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />

3.1.1 Error analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />

3.1.2 Scheimpflug condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41<br />

3.2 Evaluation <strong>of</strong> stereo-scopic image pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />

3.2.1 Determination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mapping function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />

3.2.2 Image warping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43<br />

3.2.3 Vector field warping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45<br />

3.2.4 Interrogation window warping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45<br />

3.3 Calibration validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46<br />

4 Multiplane Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry 49<br />

4.1 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49<br />

4.2 Four-pulse-laser System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />

4.2.1 Per<strong>for</strong>mance <strong>of</strong> spatial light-sheet separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53<br />

4.2.2 Generation and controlling <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> timing sequence . . . . . . . . . . 54<br />

4.3 Modes <strong>of</strong> Operation I – In-plane <strong>flow</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55<br />

4.4 Modes <strong>of</strong> Operation II – Out-<strong>of</strong>-plane <strong>flow</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<br />

4.5 Simplified recording system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59<br />

4.6 Polarisation effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59<br />

3

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