Untitled - Aerobib - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

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7.4. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 219 It is also impossible here to estimate which fraction of the intensity given by (7.28) will actually turn into turbulence in each case. 7.4 Comparison with experimental results As aforesaid the available experimental evidence is not sufficient to establish either one of the proposed theories in a definite way precluding the others. We owe the most complete set of experiments to Bollinger and Williams [2] and to Wohl and Shores [7] referred to herein. Some of the results obtained show laws of variation of u t which approach those predicted by Karlovitz and by Scurlock and Grover. However, their effects appear which are either not predicted by theory or in contradiction with it. An example of effects not predicted is the influence of the mixture’s composition, since it is verified that the effect of turbulence is not the same for rich mixtures than for poor ones, even when operating under identical conditions and with the same laminar propagation velocity. This is especially true for certain combustibles (like butane) and this fact cannot be explained with any of the proposed theories. Wohl believes this effect to be due to the different laminar stability in poor and rich mixtures. An example of effects appearing in contradiction with theory is the influence of the scale of turbulence, which after Scurlock’s predictions, should be considerable and which according to experimental results is very small. Consequently it is necessary to increase experimental evidence before final decision may be reached. References [1] Mallard, F. and Le Chatelier, H.: Ann. de Mines. Vol. 8, Sev. 4, 1884, p. 274. [2] Damköhler, G.: The Effect of Turbulence on the Flame Velocity in Gas Mixtures. NACA Tech. Mem. No. 1112, 1947. [3] Bollinger L. M. and Williams, D. T.: Effect of Reynolds Number in the Turbulent- Flow Range on Flame Speeds of Bunsen-Burner Flames. NACA Tech. Note No. 1707, Sept. 1948. [4] Scurlock, A. C.: Flame Stabilization and Propagation in High Velocity Gas Streams. Meteor Report No. 19, July 1948. [5] Williams, G. C., Hottel, H. C. and Scurlock, A. C.: Flame Stabilization and Propagation in High Velocity Gas Streams. Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1949, pp. 21-40. [6] Karlovitz, B. Denniston, D. W. and Wells, F. E.: Investigation of Turbulent Flames. Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 19, No. 5, May 1951.
220 CHAPTER 7. TURBULENT FLAMES [7] Wohl, K., Shore, L., von Rosemberg, H. and Weil, C. M.: The Burning Velocity of Turbulent Flames. Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1953. [8] Leason, D. B.: Turbulence and Flame Propagation in Premixed Gases. Fuel, Vol. XXX, No. 10, Oct. 1951. [9] Bowditch, F.: Some Effects of Turbulence on Combustion. Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1953, pp. 620-635. [10] Wohl, K. and Shore, L.: Experiments with Butane-Air and Methane-Air Flames. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, April 1955. [11] Mickelsein, W. R. and Ernstein, N. E.: Propagation of a Free Flame in a Turbulent Gas Stream. NACA Tech. Note No. 3456, 1955. [12] von Kármán, Th. and Marble, F.: Combustion in Turbulent Flames. Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1953, p. 923. [13] Sommerfield, M., Reiter, S. H., Kebely, V. and Mascolo, R.W.: The Structure and Propagation Mechanism of Turbulent Flames in High Speed Flow. Jet Propulsion, August 1955. [14] Shelkin, F. I.: On Combustion in a Turbulent Flow. NACA Tech. Mem. No. 1110, Febr. 1947. [15] Tucker, E.: Interaction of a Free Flame Front with a Turbulence Field. NACA Tech. Note No. 3407, 1955. [16] Karlovitz, B.: A Turbulent Flame Theory Derived From Experiments. Selected Combustion Problems, Vol.I, AGARD, 1954, pp. 248-262. [17] Scurlock, A. C. and Grover, J. F.: Experimental Studies on Turbulent Flames. Selected Combustion Problems, Vol.I, AGARD, 1954, pp. 215-247. [18] Wohl, K.: Burning Velocity of Unconfined Turbulent Flames Industrial Engineering Chemistry, April 1955, p. 825. [19] Karlovitz, B.: Open Turbulent Flames. Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1953, pp. 60-67. [20] Markstein, G. H.: Discussion on Turbulent Flames. Selected Combustion Problems, Vol.I, AGARD, 1954, pp. 263-265. [21] Markstein, G. H.: Interaction of Flow Propagation and Flame Disturbances. Third Symposium (International) on Combustion, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1949, pp. 162-167.
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Aerothermochemistry Gregorio Millá
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PRESENTACIÓN Amable Liñán Es un
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que no cambiaron los resultados, y
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE TÉCNICA AERO
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aim to become acquainted with Aerot
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Tarifa, Manuel de Sendagorta and Ig
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3.4 Energy equation . . . . . . . .
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8.4 Quenching . . . . . . . . . . .
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Chapter 1 Thermochemistry 1.1 Intro
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1.1. INTRODUCTION 3 GAS ε/k (K) σ
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1.1. INTRODUCTION 5 14 12 10 N 2 CH
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1.2. THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS OF AN
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1.2. THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS OF AN
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1.3. MIXTURE OF GASES 11 Helmholtz
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1.3. MIXTURE OF GASES 13 is the par
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1.3. MIXTURE OF GASES 15 Entropy Si
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1.4. CALCULATION OF THE THERMODYNAM
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1.4. CALCULATION OF THE THERMODYNAM
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1.5. CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN A MIXTUR
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1.6. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 23 Since
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∆G 0 j = ∑ i 1.7. CASE OF A MIX
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1.7. CASE OF A MIXTURE OF IDEAL GAS
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1.8. CHEMICAL KINETICS 29 1.8 Chemi
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1.8. CHEMICAL KINETICS 31 Mechanics
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1.8. CHEMICAL KINETICS 33 This stru
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1.8. CHEMICAL KINETICS 35 [3] Hirsc
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Chapter 2 Transport phenomena in ga
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2.2. DIFFUSION 39 Hereinafter, nota
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2.2. DIFFUSION 41 where r is the di
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2.2. DIFFUSION 43 T ∗ Ω (1,1)∗
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2.2. DIFFUSION 45 Gas Pair σ 12 (
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2.2. DIFFUSION 47 coefficients. 14
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2.3. VISCOSITIES 49 2.3 Viscosities
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2.3. VISCOSITIES 51 Here µ and µ
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2.3. VISCOSITIES 53 Its value depen
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2.4. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 55 2000 1
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2.4. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 57 4000 3
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Chapter 3 General equations 3.1 Int
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3.2. EQUATION OF CONTINUITY 61 The
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3.2. EQUATION OF CONTINUITY 63 A i
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3.4. ENERGY EQUATION 65 where the s
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3.4. ENERGY EQUATION 67 The energy
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3.5. GENERAL EQUATIONS 69 obtained
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3.6. ENTROPY VARIATION 71 Taking in
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3.7. ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTIONS 73 red
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3.8. STATIONARY, ONE-DIMENSIONAL MO
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3.9. THE CASE OF ONLY TWO CHEMICAL
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3.10. STATIONARY, ONE-DIMENSIONAL M
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3.11. APPENDIX: NOTATION AND REPERT
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3.11. APPENDIX: NOTATION AND REPERT
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Chapter 4 Combustion Waves 4.1 Deto
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4.2. KINDS OF DETONATIONS AND DEFLA
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4.2. KINDS OF DETONATIONS AND DEFLA
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4.3. VELOCITY OF THE BURNT GASES 95
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4.3. VELOCITY OF THE BURNT GASES 97
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4.4. PROPAGATION VELOCITY 99 p H’
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4.5. APPLICATIONS 101 By substituti
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4.7. INDETERMINACY OF THE SOLUTION
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Chapter 5 Structure of the combusti
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5.2. WAVE EQUATIONS 107 of diffusio
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5.2. WAVE EQUATIONS 109 2) Burnt ga
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5.4. LIMITING FORM OF THE WAVE EQUA
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5.4. LIMITING FORM OF THE WAVE EQUA
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5.5. DETONATIONS 115 Of these two v
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5.5. DETONATIONS 117 waves. Such th
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5.5. DETONATIONS 119 This relation
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5.5. DETONATIONS 121 curves, repres
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5.6. DEFLAGRATIONS 123 mum temperat
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5.6. DEFLAGRATIONS 125 8 7 v/v 1 =T
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5.7. TRANSITION FROM DEFLAGRATION T
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5.7. TRANSITION FROM DEFLAGRATION T
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Chapter 6 Laminar flames 6.1 Introd
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6.1. INTRODUCTION 133 papers presen
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6.3. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 135 c) Dif
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6.4. MODIFICATION OF THE CONDITIONS
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6.4. MODIFICATION OF THE CONDITIONS
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6.6. EXAMPLE 141 generally impossib
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6.6. EXAMPLE 143 Two more relations
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6.7. REACTION VELOCITY 145 1.0 0.8
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6.8. FLAME EQUATIONS 147 6.8 Flame
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6.9. SOLUTION OF THE FLAME EQUATION
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6.10. STRUCTURE OF THE COMBUSTION W
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6.11. IGNITION TEMPERATURE 161 6.11
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6.12. GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR THE COM
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Page 188 and 189: 6.13. OZONE DECOMPOSITION FLAME 169
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Page 242 and 243: 8.2. IGNITION 223 comparison betwee
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Page 250 and 251: Chapter 9 Flows with combustion wav
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Page 254 and 255: 9.3. NORMAL FLAME FRONT 235 9.3 Nor
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Page 266 and 267: 10.1. INTRODUCTION 247 form numeric
Page 268 and 269: 10.1. INTRODUCTION 249 ∆ P /∆ P
Page 270 and 271: 10.2. TSIEN METHOD 251 As aforesaid
Page 272 and 273: 10.2. TSIEN METHOD 253 1.0 λ=6.0 M
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Page 280 and 281: Chapter 11 Similarity in combustion
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11.3. SCALING OF ROCKETS 269 From h
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11.4. SCALING OF ROCKETS FOR NON-ST
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11.4. SCALING OF ROCKETS FOR NON-ST
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11.5. FLAME STABILIZATION 275 Flame
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11.5. FLAME STABILIZATION 277 Flame
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11.5. FLAME STABILIZATION 279 which
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Chapter 12 Diffusion flames 12.1 In
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12.1. INTRODUCTION 283 In fact, oth
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12.1. INTRODUCTION 285 which preced
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12.1. INTRODUCTION 287 remains appr
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12.2. GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR LAMINAR
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12.3. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON THE FL
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12.4. SIMPLIFIED EQUATIONS 293 As f
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12.4. SIMPLIFIED EQUATIONS 295 whil
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12.5. SOLUTIONS OF THE SIMPLIFIED S
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12.5. SOLUTIONS OF THE SIMPLIFIED S
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Chapter 13 Combustion of liquid fue
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13.2. ATOMIZATION 303 lem has been
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13.4. COMBUSTION 305 solution corre
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13.5. NOTATION 307 2) The phenomeno
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13.6. CONTINUITY EQUATIONS 309 Chem
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13.7. ENERGY EQUATION 311 The value
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13.8. DIFFUSION EQUATIONS 313 13.8
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13.9. COMBUSTION VELOCITY OF THE DR
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13.10. INTEGRATION OF THE EQUATIONS
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13.11. NUMERICAL APPLICATION 319 wh
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13.11. NUMERICAL APPLICATION 321 10
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13.12. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL
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13.14. COMBUSTION OF FUEL SPRAYS 32
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13.15. DROPLET EVAPORATION 327 4 0.
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13.15. DROPLET EVAPORATION 329 1 0.
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13.16. APPENDIX: APPLICATION OF PRO
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