Untitled - Aerobib - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

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13.16. APPENDIX: APPLICATION OF PROBERT’S METHOD 333 Combustion changes the droplet size distribution, preserving, obviously the maximum diameter. Figure 13.10 shows the distribution functions at the flame corresponding to the three cases studied. For comparison this figure includes the distributions corresponding to the spray. Table 13.2 also gives Sauter’s diameters for both the spray and the flame. 1.0 0.9 0.8 F 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 ε = 1.5 ε = 0.5 ε = 1.0 Spray Combustion 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 d / d max Figure 13.10: Effect of combustion on the droplet size distribution for some values of ε. References [1] Khudyakov, G. N.: Combustion of Liquids from Free Surfaces. Isv. Acd. Sci. USER, Div. Chem. Sci., Nos. 10-11, 1945. [2] Khudyakov, G. N.: Distribution of Temperature within a Liquid Burning from a Free Surface, and Description of the Flame Formed. R.A.E. Translation no. 422, 1953. [3] Spalding, B. D.: The Combustion of Liquid Fuels. Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1953, pp. 847- 864. [4] Spalding B. D.: The Calculation of Mass Transfer Rates in Absorption, Vaporization, Condensation and Combustion Processes. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 168, No. 19, 1954.
334 CHAPTER 13. COMBUSTION OF LIQUID FUELS [5] Haber, F. and Wolff, H.: Uber neboloxplosionen. Zeitschrift für Angewante Chemik, July 1923, pp. 373-377. [6] Jones, G. W. et al.: Research on the Flammability Characteristics of Aircraft Fuels. WADC Tech Rept., June 1952, pp. 52-35. [7] Browning, J. A. and Krall, W. G.: Effect of Fuel Droplets on Flame Stability, Flame Velocity and Inflammability Limits. Fifth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1955, pp.159-163. [8] The Penn State Bibliography on Sprays. The Texas Company, 1953. [9] Griffen, E. and Muraszew, A.: The Atomization of Liquid Fuels. Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1953. [10] Hinze, J. C.: On the Mechanism of Desintegration of High Speed Liquid Jets. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Applied Mechanics, 1946. [11] Sauter, J.: Die Grössenbestimmung der in Gemischnebel von Verbrenungskraitmaschinen verhandenen Brennstoffteilchon. Forschung Gebiet des Ingenieurswesens, No. 279, 1926. [12] Mugele, R. H. and Evans, H. D.: Droplet Size Distribution in Sprays. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, June 1951, pp. 1317-1324. [13] Rosin, P. and Rammler, E.: The Laws Governing the Fineness of Powdered Coal. Journal of the Institute of Fuel, 1933, pp. 29-36. [14] Nukiyama, S. and Tanasawa, Y.: An Experiment on the Atomization of Liquid by Moans of Air Stream. Transactions of the Society of Mechanical Engineers of Japan, Feb. 1938, p. 86; May 1938, p. 1389; Feb. 1939, pp. 63 and 68. [15] Bevans, R. S.: Mathematical Expressions for Drop Size Distribution in Sprays. Conference on Fuel Sprays, Univ. of Michigan, March 1949. [16] Graves, Ch. C. and Gerstein, M.: Some Aspects of Combustion of Liquid Fuel. AGARD Memorandum AG 16/M, May 1954. [17] Longwell, J. P. and Weiss, M. A.: Mixing and Distribution of Liquids in High- Velocity Air Streams. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, March 1953, pp. 667- 677. [18] Taylor, G. I.: Diffusion by Continuous Movements. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 1921, p. 196. [19] Godsave, G. L.: Studies of the Combustion of Drops in a Fuel Spray. The Burning of Single Drops of Fuel. Fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1953, pp. 818-830. [20] Goldsmith, M. and Penner, S. S.: On the Burning of Single Drops of fuel in on Oxidizing Atmosphere. Jet Propulsion, July-August 1954, pp. 245-251.
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Aerothermochemistry Gregorio Millá
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PRESENTACIÓN Amable Liñán Es un
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que no cambiaron los resultados, y
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE TÉCNICA AERO
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aim to become acquainted with Aerot
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Tarifa, Manuel de Sendagorta and Ig
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3.4 Energy equation . . . . . . . .
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8.4 Quenching . . . . . . . . . . .
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Chapter 1 Thermochemistry 1.1 Intro
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1.1. INTRODUCTION 3 GAS ε/k (K) σ
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1.1. INTRODUCTION 5 14 12 10 N 2 CH
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1.2. THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS OF AN
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1.2. THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS OF AN
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1.3. MIXTURE OF GASES 11 Helmholtz
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1.3. MIXTURE OF GASES 13 is the par
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1.3. MIXTURE OF GASES 15 Entropy Si
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1.4. CALCULATION OF THE THERMODYNAM
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1.4. CALCULATION OF THE THERMODYNAM
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1.5. CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN A MIXTUR
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1.6. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 23 Since
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∆G 0 j = ∑ i 1.7. CASE OF A MIX
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1.7. CASE OF A MIXTURE OF IDEAL GAS
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1.8. CHEMICAL KINETICS 29 1.8 Chemi
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1.8. CHEMICAL KINETICS 31 Mechanics
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1.8. CHEMICAL KINETICS 33 This stru
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1.8. CHEMICAL KINETICS 35 [3] Hirsc
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Chapter 2 Transport phenomena in ga
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2.2. DIFFUSION 39 Hereinafter, nota
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2.2. DIFFUSION 41 where r is the di
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2.2. DIFFUSION 43 T ∗ Ω (1,1)∗
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2.2. DIFFUSION 45 Gas Pair σ 12 (
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2.2. DIFFUSION 47 coefficients. 14
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2.3. VISCOSITIES 49 2.3 Viscosities
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2.3. VISCOSITIES 51 Here µ and µ
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2.3. VISCOSITIES 53 Its value depen
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2.4. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 55 2000 1
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2.4. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 57 4000 3
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Chapter 3 General equations 3.1 Int
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3.2. EQUATION OF CONTINUITY 61 The
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3.2. EQUATION OF CONTINUITY 63 A i
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3.4. ENERGY EQUATION 65 where the s
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3.4. ENERGY EQUATION 67 The energy
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3.5. GENERAL EQUATIONS 69 obtained
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3.6. ENTROPY VARIATION 71 Taking in
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3.7. ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTIONS 73 red
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3.8. STATIONARY, ONE-DIMENSIONAL MO
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3.9. THE CASE OF ONLY TWO CHEMICAL
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3.10. STATIONARY, ONE-DIMENSIONAL M
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3.11. APPENDIX: NOTATION AND REPERT
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3.11. APPENDIX: NOTATION AND REPERT
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Chapter 4 Combustion Waves 4.1 Deto
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4.2. KINDS OF DETONATIONS AND DEFLA
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4.2. KINDS OF DETONATIONS AND DEFLA
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4.3. VELOCITY OF THE BURNT GASES 95
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4.3. VELOCITY OF THE BURNT GASES 97
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4.4. PROPAGATION VELOCITY 99 p H’
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4.5. APPLICATIONS 101 By substituti
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4.7. INDETERMINACY OF THE SOLUTION
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Chapter 5 Structure of the combusti
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5.2. WAVE EQUATIONS 107 of diffusio
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5.2. WAVE EQUATIONS 109 2) Burnt ga
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5.4. LIMITING FORM OF THE WAVE EQUA
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5.4. LIMITING FORM OF THE WAVE EQUA
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5.5. DETONATIONS 115 Of these two v
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5.5. DETONATIONS 117 waves. Such th
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5.5. DETONATIONS 119 This relation
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5.5. DETONATIONS 121 curves, repres
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5.6. DEFLAGRATIONS 123 mum temperat
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5.6. DEFLAGRATIONS 125 8 7 v/v 1 =T
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5.7. TRANSITION FROM DEFLAGRATION T
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5.7. TRANSITION FROM DEFLAGRATION T
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Chapter 6 Laminar flames 6.1 Introd
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6.1. INTRODUCTION 133 papers presen
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6.3. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 135 c) Dif
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6.4. MODIFICATION OF THE CONDITIONS
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6.4. MODIFICATION OF THE CONDITIONS
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6.6. EXAMPLE 141 generally impossib
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6.6. EXAMPLE 143 Two more relations
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6.7. REACTION VELOCITY 145 1.0 0.8
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6.8. FLAME EQUATIONS 147 6.8 Flame
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6.9. SOLUTION OF THE FLAME EQUATION
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6.10. STRUCTURE OF THE COMBUSTION W
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6.11. IGNITION TEMPERATURE 161 6.11
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6.12. GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR THE COM
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6.13. OZONE DECOMPOSITION FLAME 169
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6.14. HYDRAZINE DECOMPOSITION FLAME
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6.15. FLAME PROPAGATION IN HYDROGEN
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Chapter 7 Turbulent flames 7.1 Intr
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7.1. INTRODUCTION 209 300 250 TURBU
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7.2. TURBULENT COMBUSTION THEORIES
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7.4. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL R
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Chapter 8 Ignition, flammability an
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8.2. IGNITION 223 comparison betwee
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8.3. FLAMMABILITY LIMITS 225 The pr
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8.4. QUENCHING 227 8.4 Quenching So
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8.4. QUENCHING 229 [19] Simon, D. M
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Chapter 9 Flows with combustion wav
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9.2. CONDITIONS THAT MUST BE SATISF
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9.3. NORMAL FLAME FRONT 235 9.3 Nor
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9.4. INCLINED FLAME FRONT 237 60 50
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9.5. ENTROPY JUMP ACROSS THE FLAME
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9.5. ENTROPY JUMP ACROSS THE FLAME
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9.6. VORTICITY ACROSS THE FLAME 243
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Chapter 10 Aerothermodynamic field
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10.1. INTRODUCTION 247 form numeric
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10.1. INTRODUCTION 249 ∆ P /∆ P
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10.2. TSIEN METHOD 251 As aforesaid
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10.2. TSIEN METHOD 253 1.0 λ=6.0 M
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10.3. METHOD OF FABRI-SIESTRUNCK-FO
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10.3. METHOD OF FABRI-SIESTRUNCK-FO
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10.5. CHAMBER WITH SLOWLY VARYING C
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Chapter 11 Similarity in combustion
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11.2. DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS OF A
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11.2. DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS OF A
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11.3. SCALING OF ROCKETS 267 Furthe
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11.3. SCALING OF ROCKETS 269 From h
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11.4. SCALING OF ROCKETS FOR NON-ST
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11.4. SCALING OF ROCKETS FOR NON-ST
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11.5. FLAME STABILIZATION 275 Flame
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11.5. FLAME STABILIZATION 277 Flame
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11.5. FLAME STABILIZATION 279 which
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Chapter 12 Diffusion flames 12.1 In
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Page 312 and 313: 12.4. SIMPLIFIED EQUATIONS 293 As f
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Page 320 and 321: Chapter 13 Combustion of liquid fue
Page 322 and 323: 13.2. ATOMIZATION 303 lem has been
Page 324 and 325: 13.4. COMBUSTION 305 solution corre
Page 326 and 327: 13.5. NOTATION 307 2) The phenomeno
Page 328 and 329: 13.6. CONTINUITY EQUATIONS 309 Chem
Page 330 and 331: 13.7. ENERGY EQUATION 311 The value
Page 332 and 333: 13.8. DIFFUSION EQUATIONS 313 13.8
Page 334 and 335: 13.9. COMBUSTION VELOCITY OF THE DR
Page 336 and 337: 13.10. INTEGRATION OF THE EQUATIONS
Page 338 and 339: 13.11. NUMERICAL APPLICATION 319 wh
Page 340 and 341: 13.11. NUMERICAL APPLICATION 321 10
Page 342 and 343: 13.12. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL
Page 344 and 345: 13.14. COMBUSTION OF FUEL SPRAYS 32
Page 346 and 347: 13.15. DROPLET EVAPORATION 327 4 0.
Page 348 and 349: 13.15. DROPLET EVAPORATION 329 1 0.
Page 350 and 351: 13.16. APPENDIX: APPLICATION OF PRO
Page 354 and 355: 13.16. APPENDIX: APPLICATION OF PRO
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