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1.7. CASE OF A MIXTURE OF IDEAL GASES 27 0.30 3200 T b X i 0.25 0.20 0.15 H O 2 CO (X /2) H CO CO 2 2 O (X /2) 2 O2 3000 2800 2600 T(K) 0.10 0.05 H O OH 2400 2200 0.00 2000 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 Y O2 / (Y O2 ) s Figure 1.7: Compositions and temperature of the combustion products obtained when burning a mixture of ethylene and oxygen as a function of the ratio of the mass fraction of oxygen to the corresponding stoichiometric mixture. Other methods such as those in Refs. [16] and [17] include diagrams in order to reduce calculations as they are very cumbersome when the number of species is large. Then, specially when many cases must be solved, it becomes necessary to systematize the procedure. This is accomplished by giving computational schemes which enable the use of electronic computers. Full description of these methods can be found, for instance, in Refs. [18] and [19] where additional bibliography is included. Fig. 1.7, taken from Ref. [14], shows the compositions and temperature of the combustion products obtained when burning a mixture of ethylene and oxygen as a function of the ratio of the mass fraction of oxygen to the corresponding stoichiometric mixture. Fig. 1.8, taken from Ref. [17], gives the theoretical combustion temperatures for some hydrocarbons. Table 1.6, taken from Ref. [14], gives the adiabatic combustion temperatures for some typical mixtures, as well as these that would be obtained by neglecting dissociations. The book by Lewis and von Elbe mentioned in Ref. [20] gives the experimental adiabatic combustion temperatures for great number of mixtures. See Ref. [21] for the experimental technique used for the determination of combustion temperatures.
28 CHAPTER 1. THERMOCHEMISTRY 2500 2400 acetylene methylacetylene 2300 T b (K) 2200 ethene benzene propylene a:n−hexane 1−butene b: n−pentane 2100 1−pentene c: n−butane d: propane cyclopentene metane a,b,c,d 2000 etane 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Y / (Y ) F F s Figure 1.8: Theoretical combustion temperatures of several hydrocarbons in the air at atmospheric pressure. Fuel CH 4 CH 4 C 3H 8 C 3H 8 C 8H 18 C 8H 18 C 2H 2 H 2 Mixture 8 >< Fuel 0.2 Y i O 2 0.8 > : N 2 0 Products H 2O O 2 O H 2 8> < OH X i CO > : CO 2 NO N 2 H 0.3719 0.0691 0.0326 0.0690 0.1438 0.1512 0.1166 0 0 0.0458 0.1062 0.3865 0.5073 0.2735 0.0128 0.0041 0.0343 0.0402 0.0747 0.0818 0.0054 0.4527 0.0105 0.2245 0.7755 0 0.2988 0.0665 0.0375 0.0648 0.1378 0.2064 0.1372 0 0 0.0510 0.1738 0.6005 0.2257 0.2627 0.0483 0.0230 0.0495 0.1010 0.1612 0.1232 0.0100 0.1880 0.0331 0.2218 0.7782 0 0.2562 0.0880 0.0462 0.0538 0.1447 0.2167 0.1450 0 0 0.0493 0.1076 0.3777 0.5147 0.1853 0.0307 0.0073 0.0175 0.0453 0.0782 0.1259 0.0091 0.2923 0.0084 0.0918 0.2113 0.6969 0.0745 0.0015 0.0008 0.0170 0.0092 0.1159 0.0810 0.0019 0.6934 0.0048 0.0305 0.1360 0.8335 0.1886 0.00 0.00 0.1505 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.5609 Temperatures ( ◦ C) Dissociation 2 737 2 410 2 776 2 689 2 809 2 447 2 300 1 358 No Dissociation 5 047 2 980 5 202 4 405 5 740 3 417 2 439 1 362 0.00 Table 1.6: Adiabatic combustion temperature for some typical mixtures.
Page 2 and 3: Aerothermochemistry Gregorio Millá
Page 4 and 5: PRESENTACIÓN Amable Liñán Es un
Page 6 and 7: que no cambiaron los resultados, y
Page 8: INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE TÉCNICA AERO
Page 11 and 12: aim to become acquainted with Aerot
Page 13 and 14: Tarifa, Manuel de Sendagorta and Ig
Page 15 and 16: 3.4 Energy equation . . . . . . . .
Page 17 and 18: 8.4 Quenching . . . . . . . . . . .
Page 20 and 21: Chapter 1 Thermochemistry 1.1 Intro
Page 22 and 23: 1.1. INTRODUCTION 3 GAS ε/k (K) σ
Page 24 and 25: 1.1. INTRODUCTION 5 14 12 10 N 2 CH
Page 26 and 27: 1.2. THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS OF AN
Page 28 and 29: 1.2. THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS OF AN
Page 30 and 31: 1.3. MIXTURE OF GASES 11 Helmholtz
Page 32 and 33: 1.3. MIXTURE OF GASES 13 is the par
Page 34 and 35: 1.3. MIXTURE OF GASES 15 Entropy Si
Page 36 and 37: 1.4. CALCULATION OF THE THERMODYNAM
Page 38 and 39: 1.4. CALCULATION OF THE THERMODYNAM
Page 40 and 41: 1.5. CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN A MIXTUR
Page 42 and 43: 1.6. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 23 Since
Page 44 and 45: ∆G 0 j = ∑ i 1.7. CASE OF A MIX
Page 48 and 49: 1.8. CHEMICAL KINETICS 29 1.8 Chemi
Page 50 and 51: 1.8. CHEMICAL KINETICS 31 Mechanics
Page 52 and 53: 1.8. CHEMICAL KINETICS 33 This stru
Page 54 and 55: 1.8. CHEMICAL KINETICS 35 [3] Hirsc
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 2 Transport phenomena in ga
Page 58 and 59: 2.2. DIFFUSION 39 Hereinafter, nota
Page 60 and 61: 2.2. DIFFUSION 41 where r is the di
Page 62 and 63: 2.2. DIFFUSION 43 T ∗ Ω (1,1)∗
Page 64 and 65: 2.2. DIFFUSION 45 Gas Pair σ 12 (
Page 66 and 67: 2.2. DIFFUSION 47 coefficients. 14
Page 68 and 69: 2.3. VISCOSITIES 49 2.3 Viscosities
Page 70 and 71: 2.3. VISCOSITIES 51 Here µ and µ
Page 72 and 73: 2.3. VISCOSITIES 53 Its value depen
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Page 76 and 77: 2.4. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 57 4000 3
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 3 General equations 3.1 Int
Page 80 and 81: 3.2. EQUATION OF CONTINUITY 61 The
Page 82 and 83: 3.2. EQUATION OF CONTINUITY 63 A i
Page 84 and 85: 3.4. ENERGY EQUATION 65 where the s
Page 86 and 87: 3.4. ENERGY EQUATION 67 The energy
Page 88 and 89: 3.5. GENERAL EQUATIONS 69 obtained
Page 90 and 91: 3.6. ENTROPY VARIATION 71 Taking in
Page 92 and 93: 3.7. ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTIONS 73 red
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3.9. THE CASE OF ONLY TWO CHEMICAL
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3.10. STATIONARY, ONE-DIMENSIONAL M
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3.11. APPENDIX: NOTATION AND REPERT
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3.11. APPENDIX: NOTATION AND REPERT
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Chapter 4 Combustion Waves 4.1 Deto
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4.2. KINDS OF DETONATIONS AND DEFLA
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4.2. KINDS OF DETONATIONS AND DEFLA
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4.3. VELOCITY OF THE BURNT GASES 95
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4.3. VELOCITY OF THE BURNT GASES 97
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4.4. PROPAGATION VELOCITY 99 p H’
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4.5. APPLICATIONS 101 By substituti
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4.7. INDETERMINACY OF THE SOLUTION
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Chapter 5 Structure of the combusti
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5.2. WAVE EQUATIONS 107 of diffusio
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5.2. WAVE EQUATIONS 109 2) Burnt ga
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5.4. LIMITING FORM OF THE WAVE EQUA
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5.4. LIMITING FORM OF THE WAVE EQUA
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5.5. DETONATIONS 115 Of these two v
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5.5. DETONATIONS 117 waves. Such th
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5.5. DETONATIONS 119 This relation
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5.5. DETONATIONS 121 curves, repres
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5.6. DEFLAGRATIONS 123 mum temperat
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5.6. DEFLAGRATIONS 125 8 7 v/v 1 =T
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5.7. TRANSITION FROM DEFLAGRATION T
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5.7. TRANSITION FROM DEFLAGRATION T
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Chapter 6 Laminar flames 6.1 Introd
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6.1. INTRODUCTION 133 papers presen
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6.3. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 135 c) Dif
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6.4. MODIFICATION OF THE CONDITIONS
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6.4. MODIFICATION OF THE CONDITIONS
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6.6. EXAMPLE 141 generally impossib
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6.6. EXAMPLE 143 Two more relations
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6.7. REACTION VELOCITY 145 1.0 0.8
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6.8. FLAME EQUATIONS 147 6.8 Flame
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6.9. SOLUTION OF THE FLAME EQUATION
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6.10. STRUCTURE OF THE COMBUSTION W
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6.11. IGNITION TEMPERATURE 161 6.11
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6.12. GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR THE COM
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6.13. OZONE DECOMPOSITION FLAME 169
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6.14. HYDRAZINE DECOMPOSITION FLAME
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6.15. FLAME PROPAGATION IN HYDROGEN
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Chapter 7 Turbulent flames 7.1 Intr
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7.1. INTRODUCTION 209 300 250 TURBU
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7.2. TURBULENT COMBUSTION THEORIES
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7.4. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL R
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Chapter 8 Ignition, flammability an
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8.2. IGNITION 223 comparison betwee
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8.3. FLAMMABILITY LIMITS 225 The pr
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8.4. QUENCHING 227 8.4 Quenching So
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8.4. QUENCHING 229 [19] Simon, D. M
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Chapter 9 Flows with combustion wav
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9.2. CONDITIONS THAT MUST BE SATISF
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9.3. NORMAL FLAME FRONT 235 9.3 Nor
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9.4. INCLINED FLAME FRONT 237 60 50
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9.5. ENTROPY JUMP ACROSS THE FLAME
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9.5. ENTROPY JUMP ACROSS THE FLAME
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9.6. VORTICITY ACROSS THE FLAME 243
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Chapter 10 Aerothermodynamic field
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10.1. INTRODUCTION 247 form numeric
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10.1. INTRODUCTION 249 ∆ P /∆ P
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10.2. TSIEN METHOD 251 As aforesaid
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10.2. TSIEN METHOD 253 1.0 λ=6.0 M
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10.3. METHOD OF FABRI-SIESTRUNCK-FO
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10.3. METHOD OF FABRI-SIESTRUNCK-FO
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10.5. CHAMBER WITH SLOWLY VARYING C
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Chapter 11 Similarity in combustion
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11.2. DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS OF A
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11.2. DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS OF A
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11.3. SCALING OF ROCKETS 267 Furthe
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11.3. SCALING OF ROCKETS 269 From h
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11.4. SCALING OF ROCKETS FOR NON-ST
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11.4. SCALING OF ROCKETS FOR NON-ST
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11.5. FLAME STABILIZATION 275 Flame
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11.5. FLAME STABILIZATION 277 Flame
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11.5. FLAME STABILIZATION 279 which
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Chapter 12 Diffusion flames 12.1 In
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12.1. INTRODUCTION 283 In fact, oth
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12.1. INTRODUCTION 285 which preced
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12.1. INTRODUCTION 287 remains appr
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12.2. GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR LAMINAR
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12.3. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON THE FL
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12.4. SIMPLIFIED EQUATIONS 293 As f
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12.4. SIMPLIFIED EQUATIONS 295 whil
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12.5. SOLUTIONS OF THE SIMPLIFIED S
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12.5. SOLUTIONS OF THE SIMPLIFIED S
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Chapter 13 Combustion of liquid fue
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13.2. ATOMIZATION 303 lem has been
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13.4. COMBUSTION 305 solution corre
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13.5. NOTATION 307 2) The phenomeno
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13.6. CONTINUITY EQUATIONS 309 Chem
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13.7. ENERGY EQUATION 311 The value
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13.8. DIFFUSION EQUATIONS 313 13.8
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13.9. COMBUSTION VELOCITY OF THE DR
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13.10. INTEGRATION OF THE EQUATIONS
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13.11. NUMERICAL APPLICATION 319 wh
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13.11. NUMERICAL APPLICATION 321 10
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13.12. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL
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13.14. COMBUSTION OF FUEL SPRAYS 32
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13.15. DROPLET EVAPORATION 327 4 0.
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13.15. DROPLET EVAPORATION 329 1 0.
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13.16. APPENDIX: APPLICATION OF PRO
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