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<strong>Desktop</strong> <strong>Study</strong> Figure 29: Location map of Thailand UNdata, 2009) Lao PDR • Figure 31: Percentage of people affected due to top 5 natural disasters 1980-2009 Myanmmar • Thailand • Flood 31% • Cambodia Drought 69% Malaysia • 2006 indicate a birth-rate of 13.8 births per 1,000 population. Thailand’s age structure for 2006 was 22% of inhabitants are less than 15 years of age, 70% are between 15–64 years of age, and 8% are 65 and older. Around 67% of the Thai population lived in rural areas. Official government estimates indicate that people of Thai ethnicity make up 75% of the population, another 14% are ethnic Chinese, and 4% are Malay, leaving 7% as uncategorized. The country’s poverty shows a 10% of households living below the poverty line in 2004. The adult literacy Table_11 Overview on natural disasters in Thailand from 1980 to 2009 Top 5 Natural Disasters in Thailand for the period 1980-2009 Type of natural disaster Date/year Drought Apr 2008 10,000,000 Drought Jan 1999 6,000,000 Flood Jun 1996 5,000,000 No of people affected Figure 30: Number of days per annum with maximum temperatures above 33ºC. CO2 = 360ppm (baseline) (SEA START RC, 2006 cited in MRC, 2009) Drought Feb 2002 5,000,000 Flood Aug 1995 4,280,984 Total Natural Disasters in Thailand for the period 1980-2009 Type of natural disaster Total no of events No of people affected Damage 000 US$ Drought 6 23,500,000 424,300,000 Flood 55 27,027,428 3,705,902 Tsunami 1 67,007 1,000,000 Storm 29 3,235,503 892,039 Source: EM-DAT (2009): The OFDA /CRED; International Disaster Database; www.emdat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain – Brussels, – Belgium. Created on: Dec-23- 2009. - Data version: v12.07 88
Assessment of Capacity Gaps and Needs of South East Asia Countries in Addressing Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Variability and Climate Change Figure 32: Percentage of people affected due to total natural disasters 1980-2009 Tsunami 0% Storm 6% Figure 33: Percentage of damage (US$) due to total natural disasters 1980-2009 Drought 7% Storm 15% Drought 44% Flood 50% Tsunami 17% Flood 61% rate was almost 93% in 2007. In the UN Human Development Index, Thailand ranks 87th out of in total 182 countries in 2009. Regarding the economic activity, out of the total US$ 245,351 million Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2007, 11.4% were provided through the agricultural sector, 44.5% through the industrial sector, and 44.1% through the service sector. Climate Risks Current Climatic Conditions Thailand is characterized as warm sub-humid tropics. Its climate can be classified into three distinct seasons: hot, wet and cool seasons. The mean annual temperature is between 22-32°C, with the peak normally occurring in April. The highest recorded temperature during the period 1961-1990 was 44.5°C; in the past experienced an average daytime temperature of up to 40°C, especially during the month of April. Temperature in Thailand has increased, ranging from 0.10 to 0.18°C per decade over 5 decades of observation (ADB, 2009c). Average annual precipitation is 1,692 mm, although rainfall exceeding 2,000 mm is common in the Southern Peninsula. Rainfall has decreased in the past 3–5 decades compared to the first half of the last century. Thailand is vulnerable to extreme weather events such as tropical storms, flood and drought. Flood and drought, in particular, have become more common in recent years and are increasingly damaging. During the period 1951 to 1991, almost all of the 145 tropical cyclones fell into the category of “tropical depressions,” the least severe storm classification. Since 1991, at least two tropical storms have affected Thailand annually, resulting in considerable damage to human life and property. Areas affected by flooding appear to be on the increase (OEPP, 2000). Table 11 gives an overview on further natural disaster statistics. The five top natural disasters in Thailand from 1980 to 2009 were all flood and drought events. Although droughts were among the most severe in the top 5, with a 69% (see Figure 31), when it comes to all the events of climatic disasters occurring between 1980 and 2009 – i.e. six drought, fifty five flood, twenty nine storms and one tsunami, the flood events affected the highest number of people (50% of all people affected, see Figure 32), followed by droughts with a 44% and a 6% of storms. Also floods were causing the highest economic damage (61%, see Figure 33). Climate Projections Thailand’s temperature, based on the climate data generated by a global circulation model, is projected to increase 2–4°C by the end of this century (TEI, 2000). The regional climate change scenario of Snidvongs (2006) study projects that temperature change in the future will vary from baseline condition within the range of 1-2°C; change in temperature in the future will occur in the winter and summertime, while the temperature during rainy season would remain almost unchanged. Hot periods with a temperature higher than 33 °C will increase by 3-4 weeks and cooler days with a temperature lower than 15 °C will be reduced by 2-3 weeks a year (see Figure 30); in other words, the summer tends to get longer and winter time will be shorter (Snidvongs, 2006). 89
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RESEARCH SYNTHESIS ON INDONESIA 69
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DPA DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIP IN ACTI
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NSCCC NATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE O
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FIGURE 19: PERCENTAGE OF DAMAGE (US
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Sout
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put in place management systems for
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There are several good initiatives
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Conclusion This study takes precede
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Assessment of Capacity Gaps and Nee
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Lao PDR has a tropical climate domi
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Viet Nam has a tropical monsoon cli
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Boer, R. (2009). A model for assess
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Jose, A. M. and N. A. Cruz (1999).
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Ne Winn. (2007). The status of GHG
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12/23/2009 from http://www.phnompen
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Secretariat AdaptationKnowledgePlat
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